Senior Backend

Senior Backend Engineer

Overview

Design and implement robust, scalable backend systems with a focus on API design, service architecture, data management, and operational excellence. This skill covers RESTful and GraphQL API patterns, message-driven architecture, caching strategies, rate limiting, health checks, and full observability with OpenTelemetry.

Announce at start: "I'm using the senior-backend skill for backend system design and implementation."

Phase 1: API Design

Goal: Define the contract before writing implementation code.

Actions

1. Define resource models and relationships
2. Design endpoint structure (REST) or schema (GraphQL)
3. Establish authentication and authorization strategy
4. Define rate limiting and throttling policies
5. Create API documentation (OpenAPI/GraphQL schema)

API Style Decision Table

STOP — Do NOT proceed to Phase 2 until:

• Resource models are defined
• Endpoint structure or schema is documented
• Auth strategy is chosen
• API contract is reviewable (OpenAPI/GraphQL schema)

Phase 2: Implementation

Goal: Build the service layer with clear separation of concerns.

Actions

1. Set up project structure with clear layering
2. Implement data access layer (repositories/DAOs)
3. Build service layer with business logic
4. Create API controllers/resolvers
5. Add middleware (auth, logging, error handling, CORS)
6. Implement caching strategy

RESTful URL Structure

GET    /api/v1/users              # List users (paginated)
GET    /api/v1/users/:id          # Get single user
POST   /api/v1/users              # Create user
PUT    /api/v1/users/:id          # Full update
PATCH  /api/v1/users/:id          # Partial update
DELETE /api/v1/users/:id          # Delete user
GET    /api/v1/users/:id/orders   # Nested resources
POST   /api/v1/users/:id/activate # State transitions

HTTP Status Code Decision Table

Response Format

// Success (single)
{ "data": { "id": "123", "name": "Alice" }, "meta": { "requestId": "req_abc123" } }

// Success (collection)
{ "data": [...], "meta": { "page": 1, "pageSize": 20, "totalCount": 150, "totalPages": 8 } }

// Error
{ "error": { "code": "VALIDATION_ERROR", "message": "Invalid input", "details": [...] } }

Caching Strategy Decision Table

STOP — Do NOT proceed to Phase 3 until:

• Project structure follows layered architecture
• Input validation is at the edge (Zod, Joi, class-validator)
• Error handling returns structured error responses
• Caching strategy is implemented with invalidation plan

Phase 3: Hardening

Goal: Prepare the service for production operation.

Actions

1. Add comprehensive error handling
2. Implement health checks and readiness probes
3. Set up observability (traces, metrics, logs)
4. Load test critical paths
5. Document runbooks for operational scenarios

Health Check Endpoints

// GET /health — lightweight liveness check
{ "status": "healthy" }

// GET /health/ready — readiness with dependency checks
{
  "status": "healthy",
  "checks": {
    "database": { "status": "healthy", "latency": "5ms" },
    "redis": { "status": "healthy", "latency": "2ms" },
    "queue": { "status": "healthy", "latency": "8ms" }
  },
  "uptime": "72h15m",
  "version": "1.4.2"
}

Observability: RED Method Metrics

Structured Logging Format

{
  "timestamp": "2025-01-15T10:30:00.123Z",
  "level": "info",
  "message": "User created",
  "service": "user-service",
  "traceId": "abc123",
  "spanId": "def456",
  "userId": "usr_123",
  "duration": 45
}

Rate Limiting Algorithm Decision Table

STOP — Hardening complete when:

• Health check endpoints respond correctly
• Structured logging is configured
• Metrics are exported (RED method)
• Load test completed on critical paths
• Error handling returns appropriate status codes

Event-Driven Architecture Patterns

Message Queue Pattern Decision Table

Event Schema

{
  "eventId": "evt_abc123",
  "eventType": "user.created",
  "timestamp": "2025-01-15T10:30:00Z",
  "version": "1.0",
  "source": "user-service",
  "data": { "userId": "usr_123", "email": "alice@example.com" },
  "metadata": { "correlationId": "corr_xyz789", "causationId": "cmd_def456" }
}

GraphQL Anti-Patterns

Anti-Patterns / Common Mistakes

Documentation Lookup (Context7)

Use mcp__context7__resolve-library-id then mcp__context7__query-docs for up-to-date docs. Returned docs override memorized knowledge.

• express — for middleware patterns, routing, or request/response API
• fastify — for plugin system, hooks, or schema validation
• nestjs — for decorators, modules, providers, or guards
• prisma — for schema syntax, client API, or migration commands

Integration Points

Key Principles

• API versioning from day one (/v1/)
• Input validation at the edge (Zod, Joi, class-validator)
• Idempotency keys for non-GET endpoints
• Graceful shutdown (drain connections, finish in-flight requests)
• Circuit breaker for external service calls
• Database migrations versioned and reversible
• Secrets in environment variables, never in code

Skill Type

FLEXIBLE — Adapt API style and architecture to the project context. The three-phase process (design, implement, harden) is strongly recommended. Health checks, structured logging, and error handling are non-negotiable for production services.