pjt222 採存蟲標
採存蟲標以館級之準為分類、參考、生態之研。
用時
- 需實標為定分類之識
- 建某境、某域、某類之參考集
- 存憑標為已刊生態之研
- 需送標於分類之專以識
- 整或復舊蟲集
入
- 必：採地之合法權、合目類之具、存材（針、乙醇、或二）、標材（檔紙、細筆或印）
- 可選：展板、柔室、解剖顯微、庫系、單盤、屜、存櫃
法
第一步：驗法之求
採前確於地有合法之權且目類非護。
FUNDAMENTAL RULE:
Never collect without proper authorization. Never collect from
protected areas without explicit permits. Never collect protected
species. The scientific value of a specimen is zero if it was
collected illegally — it cannot be published, deposited in a
museum, or used in formal research.
Legal Checklist:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Requirement | Verify |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Land access | Written permission from landowner, or |
| | site is publicly accessible for |
| | collecting (many parks prohibit it) |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Collection permit | Required for most public lands, nature |
| | reserves, national parks. Apply through |
| | the managing agency. Specify taxa, |
| | methods, dates, and quantities. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Protected species | Check national and regional red lists, |
| | CITES appendices, and local endangered |
| | species legislation. Some butterflies, |
| | beetles, and dragonflies are protected. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Export/import | Moving specimens across international |
| | borders requires phytosanitary |
| | certificates and may require CITES |
| | permits depending on the taxon. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Institutional | If collecting for an institution, follow |
| protocols | their collection policy and ethics |
| | review requirements. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
Minimizing Collection Impact:
- Collect only the minimum number of specimens needed
- Avoid collecting from small or isolated populations
- Do not collect gravid (egg-bearing) females if population is small
- Record the abundance at the site — if the species appears rare, photograph instead
- Prefer common and abundant species for teaching collections
得： 諸必許已得，護種列已察，採者明知地上可採與不可採者。
敗則： 若許不可得，勿採。於原地攝之而用公民科學臺以識。若所採為護種，即告野生之局。勿棄標——意外之採宜報，勿匿。
第二步：擇採之法
擇合目類、境、研之法。異法取蟲群之異部。
Collection Methods:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Method | Best For |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Sweep net | Flying and vegetation-dwelling insects |
| | in grasslands, meadows, and low shrubs. |
| | Technique: sweep in a figure-8 pattern |
| | through vegetation; empty net into a |
| | killing jar or collecting bag after |
| | every 10-20 sweeps. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Beating tray | Arboreal insects on trees and shrubs. |
| | Hold a white sheet or tray under a |
| | branch; strike the branch sharply 3-5 |
| | times; collect dislodged insects with |
| | an aspirator or forceps. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Pitfall trap | Ground-dwelling insects (beetles, |
| | ants, crickets). Bury a cup flush with |
| | the soil surface. Add a rain cover. |
| | Check every 24-48 hours. Use propylene |
| | glycol as preservative (non-toxic to |
| | mammals; do not use ethylene glycol). |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Light trap | Nocturnal flying insects (moths, many |
| | beetles, lacewings). Use a white sheet |
| | illuminated by a mercury vapor or UV |
| | light. Operate from dusk to midnight |
| | or dawn. Most effective on warm, humid, |
| | moonless nights. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Malaise trap | Flying insects, especially Hymenoptera |
| | and Diptera. A tent-like mesh barrier |
| | that intercepts insects in flight; |
| | they walk upward into a collecting head |
| | containing preservative. Runs |
| | continuously; check weekly. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Aspirator (pooter) | Small, delicate insects that cannot be |
| | handled with forceps. Suck the insect |
| | into a vial through a tube (a mesh |
| | filter prevents inhalation). Use only |
| | mouth-operated aspirators with a filter. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Pan trap | Pollinators and small flying insects. |
| | Colored bowls (yellow, white, blue) |
| | filled with soapy water. Place at |
| | vegetation height. The soap breaks |
| | surface tension; insects fall in and |
| | drown. Check every 24-48 hours. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Hand collection | Large, slow, or sessile insects. |
| | Pick directly with forceps or fingers. |
| | Useful for bark-dwelling beetles, |
| | caterpillars on host plants, aquatic |
| | larvae under rocks. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
得： 一或數法依目類與境擇之，具於入野前備齊。
敗則： 若法不出標（如大雨中掃網），換法。光誘需特候——暖、濕、靜、無月之夜為佳。若候惡，改期勿低效行陷。
第三步：仁速殺標
殺所採之蟲宜速且仁。久苦損標（斷肢、失鱗）且於倫不可。
Dispatch Methods:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Method | Procedure and Notes |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Ethyl acetate | Place a wad of absorbent material |
| killing jar | (plaster of Paris or tissue) in the |
| | bottom of a wide-mouth jar. Saturate |
| | with ethyl acetate. Place insects in |
| | the jar; death occurs within 1-5 |
| | minutes for most species. |
| | Caution: ethyl acetate is flammable and |
| | an irritant. Use in well-ventilated |
| | areas. Do not inhale. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Freezing | Place live insects in a container in a |
| | freezer at -20C for 24 hours. Suitable |
| | for specimens brought back alive. |
| | Produces well-relaxed specimens ideal |
| | for pinning. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Ethanol drowning | Immerse directly in 70-95% ethanol. |
| | Used for soft-bodied insects that will |
| | be wet-preserved (larvae, aphids, small |
| | Diptera). Not suitable for Lepidoptera |
| | (destroys scales) or specimens intended |
| | for dry pinning. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
NEVER use:
- Cyanide jars (potassium cyanide) — extremely toxic to humans;
obsolete in modern entomology
- Crushing or squeezing — destroys morphological features
- Prolonged suffocation — slow and damages specimens from struggling
得： 標速殺（分內）且損微。鱗翅別置以免觸他而失鱗。
敗則： 無乙酸乙酯，凍為諸類之佳代。野中皆無，置標於獨瓶或信（鱗翅用玻璃紙信折翅），歸即凍。勿留活蟲於封器無殺劑——必自損。
第四步：針標（乾存）
每標依其目之正處而針。正針之位關乎診特之達與久之構。
全目別針位之表、針之擇、針之高、展翅之法，見 references/EXAMPLES.md。
得： 每標依目正位針、正高於針，需展翅者展之（鱗翅、蜻蜓）。待乾乃動。
敗則： 若標過乾脆不可針（肢折翅裂），先柔之。置標於柔室（封器內濕沙或紙附酚滴防霉）二十四至四十八時至肢柔。若針位誤，鮮時再針勝於誤裝。
第五步：乙醇存（濕存）
柔體之標，乾則縮變，必以液存。
Wet Preservation Protocol:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Category | Procedure |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Preservative | 70-80% ethanol for morphological study. |
| | 95-100% ethanol for DNA-grade |
| | preservation (change ethanol after 24 |
| | hours to remove dilution from body |
| | fluids). |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Suitable specimens | Larvae (caterpillars, grubs, maggots), |
| | soft-bodied adults (aphids, termites, |
| | some small Diptera), aquatic insects, |
| | immature stages (nymphs, pupae) |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Containers | Glass vials with screw caps or |
| | polyethylene snap-cap vials. Avoid |
| | rubber stoppers (ethanol dissolves |
| | them). Label goes INSIDE the vial. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Fluid ratio | At least 3 parts preservative to 1 part |
| | specimen volume. Too little fluid |
| | results in poor preservation. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Long-term storage | Check fluid levels every 6-12 months. |
| | Ethanol evaporates even through sealed |
| | caps. Top up as needed. Store in a cool, |
| | dark location. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
Do NOT use:
- Formaldehyde/formalin for routine insect preservation (destroys DNA,
poses health risks, requires special disposal). Some historical
collections used it; modern practice strongly discourages it.
- Isopropanol as a substitute — it causes excessive hardening and
color loss compared to ethanol.
得： 柔體之標存於 70-80% 乙醇（或 95%+ 為 DNA 之用）於標瓶附足液。
敗則： 野無乙醇，暫存於高度清酒（伏特加、Everclear）為急。速換實驗級之乙醇。若存過久於弱存液而現腐，或仍可識但不宜分子之研。
第六步：標之識
每標必附最少資之識。無識之標無科學之值。
Labeling Standards:
LABEL 1 (Locality label — placed closest to the specimen on the pin):
Line 1: Country, State/Province
Line 2: Specific locality (e.g., "3 km NE of Oakville, Elm Creek trail")
Line 3: Latitude/Longitude (decimal degrees preferred)
Line 4: Elevation (meters above sea level)
Line 5: Date (e.g., 15.vi.2026 or 15-Jun-2026)
Line 6: Collector name (e.g., "leg. P. Thoss")
LABEL 2 (Habitat/method label — below the locality label):
Line 1: Habitat (e.g., "deciduous forest, oak canopy")
Line 2: Collection method (e.g., "sweep net" or "light trap")
Line 3: Additional ecological data if relevant
LABEL 3 (Determination label — lowest on the pin, added when identified):
Line 1: Order Family
Line 2: Genus species Author, Year
Line 3: "det. [identifier name], [year]"
Label Format Rules:
- Use archival-quality paper (acid-free, resistant to fumigant chemicals)
- Print labels using a laser printer (inkjet fades; handwriting smudges)
- Labels should be small (approximately 13mm x 8mm) — do not obscure
the specimen
- For wet specimens, the label goes INSIDE the vial on acid-free paper
written in pencil or printed with a laser printer (ink dissolves in
ethanol; pencil graphite does not)
- Pin labels below the specimen using the pinning block for consistent
heights
得： 每標至少附地識含國、地、坐標、日、採者。濕標同資以鉛或雷射印於瓶內。
敗則： 野中未記 GPS 坐標，以圖依地描估之。日若不確，記最佳估附問號。附近資之標遠勝無識者。永勿移識自一標至他。
第七步：存而護集
正存以護標免物損、蟲、環之衰。
Dry Collection Storage:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Component | Standard |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Unit trays | Cardboard or plastic trays with foam |
| | bottoms (plastazote preferred — pinnable |
| | and chemically inert). Specimens pinned |
| | into the foam in organized rows. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Drawers | Tight-fitting drawers that exclude dust |
| | and pests. Glass-topped drawers allow |
| | viewing without opening. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Cabinets | Steel cabinets with tight seals. |
| | Compressed-air gaskets are ideal. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Pest management | Place pest strips (dichlorvos/DDVP) or |
| | naphthalene/paradichlorobenzene crystals |
| | in each drawer. Check and replace every |
| | 6 months. Museum beetle (Anthrenus) and |
| | book lice (Psocoptera) are the primary |
| | pests — a single infestation can destroy |
| | an entire drawer. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Climate control | Target: 40-50% relative humidity, |
| | 18-22C temperature. Fluctuations cause |
| | expansion/contraction damage. Avoid |
| | direct sunlight (fades color). |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
Wet Collection Storage:
- Store vials upright in racks or jars
- Check fluid levels every 6-12 months; top up with fresh ethanol
- Store in a cool, dark, well-ventilated area (ethanol fumes)
- Keep away from ignition sources (ethanol is flammable)
- For long-term storage, use screw-cap glass vials; snap-cap
plastic vials allow more evaporation
得： 乾標存於封屜附驅蟲。濕標正立附足乙醇。存處溫濕定。
敗則： 無館存，置針標於封塑器（釣具盒、Tupperware）附泡棉與驅蟲。此足為私集與短期。久存值之標，宜存於館或大學之集。
第八步：整而錄庫
以系整與資治養集為活科之源。
Curation Tasks:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Task | Frequency |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Pest inspection | Every 3-6 months. Look for frass (fine |
| | powder under specimens), cast skins, |
| | or live pests in drawers. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Fumigant refresh | Every 6 months. Replace pest strips or |
| | crystals. Ensure drawers seal tightly. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Ethanol top-up | Every 6-12 months for wet collections. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Repair | Re-pin loose specimens. Re-glue detached |
| | appendages (use water-soluble PVA glue). |
| | Replace damaged labels. |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Identification | Send unidentified specimens to |
| updates | specialists. Update determination labels |
| | as IDs are returned — never remove old |
| | determination labels; add new ones below.|
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
Database Entry (minimum fields):
- Catalog number (unique identifier for each specimen)
- Taxon (order, family, genus, species)
- Locality (country, state, specific location, coordinates)
- Date of collection
- Collector
- Collection method
- Determiner and determination date
- Storage location (cabinet, drawer, row, position)
- Preservation type (pinned, ethanol, slide-mounted, point-mounted)
Database Standards:
- Use Darwin Core format for interoperability with global databases
(GBIF, iDigBio)
- Record coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84 datum)
- Use ISO 8601 date format (YYYY-MM-DD) in databases
- Assign a unique catalog number to every specimen, even if unidentified
得： 諸標錄於庫附獨識、類、地、日、採者、存位。集有常察與養之程。
敗則： 若全庫不可，至少存手書之目或表，目號對應標。目號連標於資——無之則標與資於識失時斷。雖簡之號列勝於無目。
驗
- 採前已驗法之求且得許
- 採法合目類與境
- 標仁速殺
- 乾標依目正位而針
- 鱗翅、蜻蜓於乾前正展翅
- 柔體之標存於 70-80% 乙醇
- 每標附地識含日、地、坐標、採者
- 濕標之識以鉛或雷射印且置瓶內
- 存處附驅蟲與定環
- 諸標錄於庫或冊附獨識
陷
- 無許而採：非法所採之標不可用於刊研、存館、或越境。必先得權
- 採過：取過需之標無益而損群。取識之最少（常每形種每地五至十）
- 異地之標混一器：使整批地資不確。每採事獨器附臨識
- 針位誤：甲蟲針於胸中而非右鞘翅掩腹診之特。必察目之針位
- 乙醇度低於 DNA 之需：分子析需 95%+ 乙醇且二十四時後換以去體液之稀。常 70% 存形而 DNA 久則衰
- 忘於濕標內識：外貼之識可離。瓶內之識為永錄。必置鉛或雷射印之識於瓶內
- 忽蟲治：皮蠹（館甲）可於數週中毀整屜。常察與換驅劑於逾數月之集非可選
參
identify-insect— 所採標之形識以二分鍵、翅脈、口器、觸角document-insect-sighting— 攝與境之書可補或代實採observe-insect-behavior— 採前或代採之行察之儀survey-insect-population— 系之群察，常需採標以識與憑