Contract Key Safety

CONTRACT_KEY_SAFETY Skill (DAML)

Trigger Pattern: Always required for DAML audits — self-skip if no template defines a key Inject Into: Breadth agents, depth-state-trace Finding prefix: [DML-CK-N] Rules referenced: R8, R12

A DAML contract key is a uniqueness handle plus a maintainer set. The single most dangerous DAML key bug is the lookupByKey false-None: a None result means "no contract with this key is visible to the reading parties" — NOT "no such contract exists". A choice that treats None as "absent" and creates fresh state can mint duplicates. Additionally, maintainer parties MUST be signatories of the keyed contract; a maintainer/signatory gap breaks key authority. If no template in scope defines a key, this skill self-skips (every section ✗(N/A — no keyed templates)).

1. Key + Maintainer Inventory

For every template that defines a key:

Critical patterns to flag:

• A maintainer party that is NOT in the template's signatory set — DAML requires maintainers be signatories; if the code attempts otherwise it will not compile, but a refactor that drops a signatory while keeping the maintainer is a latent break. Verify the binding holds.
• A key whose maintainer set is a single party where the keyed value represents joint state (one party can unilaterally re-key).

DAML note: A negative lookupByKey (the None branch) requires the maintainers' authority to assert non-existence. If the reading party is not a maintainer, they cannot get an authoritative None.

2. lookupByKey False-None Audit

For every lookupByKey/visibleByKey call, determine what the None branch does and whether None is correctly interpreted:

Attack: A choice does lookupByKey @T k and, on None, creates a new T. If the exercising party is not a maintainer of T, None only means "not visible to me" — a contract with key k may already exist, signed by other parties. The caller mints a duplicate, breaking the uniqueness invariant ([ELEVATE:LOOKUP_FALSE_NONE]).

Check for:

• None-branch creates that are reachable by a party who is not a maintainer of the looked-up key.
• None-branch that grants access / resets a counter / re-initializes config assuming the key was never set.

3. exerciseByKey / fetchByKey Authority

exerciseByKey/fetchByKey require the maintainers' authority to resolve the key. Verify the exercising context actually has it:

Check for:

• A choice that exerciseByKeyes a contract whose maintainers are not authorizers of the current transaction — it will fail at runtime (liveness brick) OR, if the maintainer happens to be a controller, may resolve a contract the caller should not reach.
• Authority assumed via the one-hop propagation rule that does not actually hold for the keyed target.

4. Stale-Key / Cleanup

A keyed contract that is archived without its key being freed (or recreated under a stale value) leaves dangling-key risk.

Check for:

• A lifecycle where the keyed contract is archived but a consumer still exerciseByKeys the old key → NO_SUCH_KEY brick.
• A re-create that reuses an old key with stale field values, so a lookupByKey returns outdated state a later choice trusts.

Finding Template

**ID**: [DML-CK-N]
**Severity**: [Critical if duplicate mint / uniqueness break, High if liveness brick, Medium if stale read]
**Step Execution**: ✓1,2,3,4 | ✗(reasons) | ?(uncertain)
**Rules Applied**: [R8:✓/✗, R12:✓/✗]
**Location**: {Module}.daml:LineN (template X, choice Y)
**Title**: lookupByKey false-None / maintainer-authority gap in {Choice} allows {duplicate / brick / stale read}
**Description**: [The key, the None-branch action or maintainer gap, and why the reader's visibility ≠ existence]
**Impact**: [Duplicate keyed contract minted / uniqueness invariant broken / choice bricks / stale state trusted]
**PoC steer**: allocate a party that genuinely cannot see the keyed contract (not a maintainer/stakeholder), exercise the None-branch, assert a duplicate exists via a maintainer's `query@T`.

Step Execution Checklist (MANDATORY)