Java Style Guide

Java Style Guide

Overview

Use this skill to evaluate and improve Java code for correctness, maintainability, and operational reliability.

Scope Boundaries

• Use this skill when the task matches the trigger condition described in description.
• Do not use this skill when the primary task falls outside this skill's domain.

Trigger Reference

• Use references/trigger-matrix.md as the canonical trigger and co-activation matrix.
• Resolve skill activation from changed files with python3 scripts/resolve_style_guides.py <changed-path>... when automation is available.
• Validate trigger matrix consistency with python3 scripts/validate_trigger_matrix_sync.py.

Quality Gate Reference

• Use references/quality-gate-command-matrix.md for CI check-only vs local autofix command mapping.

Shared References

• Null and exception handling rules:
  • references/null-and-exception-rules.md

Templates And Assets

• Java review checklist:
  • assets/java-review-checklist.md
• Refactor planning template:
  • assets/java-refactor-plan-template.md

Inputs To Gather

• Changed modules and architectural boundaries impacted.
• Current quality risks (null handling, exception mapping, performance hotspots).
• Team conventions for formatting, static analysis, and test requirements.
• Operational constraints (security/compliance/latency/SLO concerns).

Deliverables

• Review findings prioritized by production risk.
• Refactor plan with explicit scope and rollback assumptions.
• Verification plan covering tests and operational checks.
• Clear go/no-go criteria for merge readiness.

Workflow

1. Confirm trigger fit and impacted Java artifacts.
2. Build/refine change plan using assets/java-refactor-plan-template.md.
3. Review code with assets/java-review-checklist.md and project quality gates.
4. Apply refactors that reduce coupling, ambiguity, and hidden failure paths.
5. Validate with CI check-only gates and targeted runtime checks.
6. Publish residual risks and follow-up owners.

Review And Refactor Checklist

Architecture and layering

1. Keep dependency direction clean: domain -> application -> infrastructure.
2. Keep controllers/resources thin and delegate business logic to services.
3. Isolate integration concerns (DB, HTTP, queues) behind clear adapters.
4. Keep modules cohesive and avoid utility classes that become dumping grounds.

Naming and structure

1. Use standard Java naming (UpperCamelCase classes, lowerCamelCase fields/methods).
2. Keep methods focused and short; extract intent-revealing helpers.
3. Use static final constants for fixed values; include units in names (CACHE_TTL_SECONDS).
4. Prefer composition over deep inheritance unless polymorphism is essential.

Types and data modeling

1. Use explicit types and generics; avoid raw types.
2. Prefer immutable DTO/value objects where possible.
3. Model boundary payloads with dedicated classes, not generic maps.
4. Validate object invariants at construction time.

Exceptions and failure handling

1. Throw domain-specific exceptions with actionable context.
2. Catch exceptions at service/API boundaries and map to stable error responses.
3. Avoid broad catch (Exception) except for mandatory boundary handling.
4. Preserve root cause (throw new XException("...", cause)).
5. Do not hide failures behind fallback logic without explicit business requirement.

Configuration and environment

1. Bind configuration into typed classes (@ConfigurationProperties, equivalent).
2. Validate required configuration during startup and fail fast when missing.
3. Do not provide silent default values for required environment variables.
4. Store secrets outside code and avoid logging them.

Security and compliance

1. Validate and sanitize all untrusted input.
2. Use parameterized queries/ORM APIs; never construct SQL by concatenation.
3. Enforce authorization at entry points and sensitive operations.
4. Avoid exposing internal stack traces or sensitive fields to clients.

Performance and scalability

1. Measure with profiling before optimization.
2. Avoid N+1 queries and repeated remote calls in loops.
3. Use pagination/streaming for large result sets.
4. Set explicit timeouts/retries for outbound network calls.

Testing and verification

1. Add unit tests for domain logic and integration tests for adapters.
2. Cover edge cases: invalid inputs, null handling, timeout, concurrency.
3. Add regression tests for bug fixes.
4. Document manual verification when automation is unavailable.

Observability and operations

1. Use structured logging with trace/request IDs.
2. Emit metrics for latency, failures, and dependency health.
3. Keep error codes stable and actionable for operations.
4. Ensure readiness/liveness checks reflect dependency state.

CI Required Quality Gates (check-only)

1. Run project check-only formatter/lint (spotlessCheck, checkstyle, or equivalent).
2. Run static analysis (errorprone, spotbugs, or configured equivalent).
3. Run automated tests (./gradlew test or mvn test).
4. Reject changes that degrade type safety or mask failures.

Optional Autofix Commands (local)

1. Run formatter autofix (spotlessApply, or project equivalent) and then re-run checks.

Failure Conditions

• Stop when architectural boundaries are ambiguous and cannot be validated.
• Stop when required config/secret handling relies on hidden defaults.
• Escalate when static analysis or tests reveal unresolved high-risk defects.