Audit Readiness
Technical compliance is an engineering operational discipline, not a legal exercise. Auditors evaluate inspectable technical artifacts: continuous audit logs, automated configuration policies, branch protection rules, encrypted storage configurations, and role-based access controls (RBAC).
1. Multi-Framework Technical Control Specifications
A. SOC 2 Type II (Trust Services Criteria)
- CC6.1 / CC6.3 (Logical Access & MFA): Single Sign-On (SSO) enforced via Okta or Google Workspace; mandatory hardware/TOTP MFA; automated deprovisioning via SCIM within 24 hours of employee departure.
- CC6.6 / CC6.8 (Network & Endpoint Protection): Mobile Device Management (MDM via Jamf/Kandji) enforcing FileVault/BitLocker full-disk encryption and automated OS patching; infrastructure deployed strictly in private VPC subnets.
- CC7.2 / CC7.3 (Change Management): GitHub branch protection enforcing mandatory peer reviews, passing CI/CD pipelines, and linear commit histories on production branches. No direct commits to
main. - CC8.1 (Vulnerability & Patch Management): Automated dependency scanning (Dependabot/Snyk) running in CI; critical CVEs patched within 7 days, high within 30 days.
B. ISO/IEC 27001:2022 (Annex A Controls)
- Control A.5.15 (Access Control): Formal quarterly user access reviews (UAR) of GitHub, AWS, and production database permissions with signed audit sign-offs.
- Control A.8.8 (Management of Technical Vulnerabilities): Continuous infrastructure vulnerability scanning via AWS Inspector or Trivy, tracked in Jira/Linear with SLA burn-down charts.
- Control A.8.20 / A.8.24 (Network Security & Cryptography): TLS 1.3 enforced for public endpoints; TLS 1.2 minimum; cipher suites restricted to forward-secret AEAD ciphers; AES-256 for EBS, S3, and RDS storage volumes.
C. HIPAA Security Rule (45 CFR Part 164)
- Business Associate Agreements (BAA): Signed BAAs executed with all cloud service providers and SaaS platforms touching electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI).
- Technical Safeguards (§ 164.312):
- Access Control: Unique user IDs, automatic session timeout after 15 minutes of inactivity.
- Audit Controls: Centralized immutable audit trails capturing every read, write, and export event containing ePHI, retained for 6 years.
- Transmission Security: Field-level encryption or dedicated cryptographic isolation for database columns storing patient identifiers.
D. PCI-DSS v4.0 (Cardholder Data Environment)
- Scope Reduction via Tokenization: Offload payment form collection to hosted iframes/SDKs (Stripe Elements, Adyen Drop-in, Braintree Hosted Fields). Primary Account Numbers (PAN) must NEVER hit application memory or backend servers, qualifying for Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SAQ) A.
- Requirement 10 (Logging & Monitoring): Centralized SIEM logging (Datadog/Elasticsearch) with real-time alerting on unauthorized access attempts and file integrity monitoring (FIM) on CDE nodes.
- Requirement 11 (Vulnerability Testing): Quarterly vulnerability scans by an Approved Scanning Vendor (ASV) and annual third-party penetration testing.
2. Automated Evidence Collection Matrix
| Framework Requirement | Inspectable Technical Evidence | Automated Extraction Command / Method |
|---|---|---|
| SOC 2 CC7.2 (Branch Protection) | GitHub Branch Protection API JSON | gh api repos/{owner}/{repo}/branches/main/protection |
| SOC 2 CC6.1 (MFA Enforcement) | IdP user directory export showing MFA status | GET /api/v1/users?filter=status eq "ACTIVE" (Okta API) |
| ISO 27001 A.8.24 (Encryption at Rest) | AWS Config / Terraform compliance report | aws rds describe-db-instances --query 'DBInstances[?StorageEncrypted==false]' |
| HIPAA § 164.312 (Audit Logging) | CloudTrail S3 bucket retention & MFA delete | aws s3api get-bucket-versioning --bucket audit-logs |
| PCI-DSS Req 11.3 (ASV Scanning) | Signed external ASV vulnerability PDF report | Quarterly automated schedule via Qualys / Tenable |
Critical Rules
- Never generate manual compliance policies that contradict automated CI/CD configurations; policies must reflect real engineering workflows.
- Maintain evidence as code: export infrastructure states, commit hashes, and access logs programmatically rather than manually taking screenshots.
- Every external service handling user data must have a verified DPA or BAA on file before engineering wires the integration.
Verification Checklist
- Technical controls mapped to relevant framework clauses (SOC 2 CC series, ISO 27001 Annex A, HIPAA § 164, PCI-DSS v4).
- Branch protection rules active on all production repositories requiring peer approval.
- Centralized logging captures security-relevant events with tamper-proof retention.
- Database volumes and object stores verified encrypted with AES-256 / KMS.
- Quarterly access review and vulnerability management cadence documented with owners.
Anti-Patterns
- NEVER use shared admin credentials or root accounts for day-to-day engineering tasks.
- NEVER allow production database access without temporary, audited bastion/teleport sessions and justifiable ticket IDs.
- NEVER store raw unencrypted credit card data (PAN) or patient health data (ePHI) in general application log files.