Apex Test Setup Patterns

Apex Test Setup Patterns

Activate when writing or reviewing an Apex test class. @TestSetup controls one-time data creation shared across every test method, Test.startTest()/Test.stopTest() define the governor-reset boundary, and System.runAs defines which user the test impersonates. Getting any of these wrong produces tests that pass flakily, misreport coverage, or exercise the wrong user context.

Before Starting

• Decide what goes in setup vs per-test. Setup data is rolled back after the class finishes, not after each method — but each method sees a fresh rollback-to-setup snapshot.
• Plan the runAs scope. Setup runs as the test-class user unless wrapped in System.runAs.
• Identify governor-reset needs. Any async/bulk work inside Test.startTest() gets its own 100-callout / 100-SOQL / etc. budget.

Core Concepts

@TestSetup

@IsTest
private class AccountServiceTest {
    @TestSetup
    static void setup() {
        Account[] accs = new List<Account>{
            new Account(Name = 'A1'),
            new Account(Name = 'A2')
        };
        insert accs;
    }

    @IsTest static void testFoo() {
        Account a = [SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name = 'A1'];
        // ...
    }
}

Runs once per test class before any test method. Each test method starts with setup-state data; changes made inside a test method are rolled back after that method completes.

Test.startTest() / Test.stopTest()

Test.startTest();
// Code inside gets a fresh set of governor limits.
// Any async jobs enqueued here (Queueable, future, Batch) run synchronously at stopTest().
Test.stopTest();

Critical for two reasons:

1. Governor reset — isolates setup work from the code-under-test's limit budget.
2. Async flush — future/Queueable/Batch jobs registered before stopTest execute synchronously when stopTest is called.

@TestVisible

Annotation on a private member that makes it visible to test classes (but NOT to production code). Use when tests need to inject state or call a helper that shouldn't be public.

public class OrderService {
    @TestVisible private static Integer retryCount = 3;
    @TestVisible private static Boolean simulateFailure = false;
}

System.runAs

User u = [SELECT Id FROM User WHERE Profile.Name = 'Standard User' LIMIT 1];
System.runAs(u) {
    // DML as that user; CRUD/FLS/Sharing enforced per their profile
}

Also the only way around mixed DML — setup-object DML (User, UserRole, Group) cannot coexist with non-setup DML in a test unless isolated via System.runAs(new User(Id = UserInfo.getUserId())).

Mixed DML workaround

System.runAs(new User(Id = UserInfo.getUserId())) {
    insert new User(...);  // setup-object DML
}
insert new Account(...);    // non-setup DML — now legal

Common Patterns

Pattern: Setup with runAs for ownership

@TestSetup
static void setup() {
    User u = TestUserFactory.createStandardUser();
    insert u;
    System.runAs(u) {
        insert new Account(Name = 'Owned by u');
    }
}

Pattern: startTest for async flush

@IsTest static void testQueueable() {
    Test.startTest();
    System.enqueueJob(new MyQueueable());
    Test.stopTest();  // Queueable runs synchronously here
    System.assertEquals(1, [SELECT COUNT() FROM Task]);
}

Pattern: @TestVisible injection for failure simulation

@IsTest static void testRetryOnFailure() {
    OrderService.simulateFailure = true;  // @TestVisible flag
    // assert retries
}

Decision Guidance

Recommended Workflow

1. Identify data common to every test method → move to @TestSetup.
2. Create users in @TestSetup via a TestUserFactory inside System.runAs(new User(Id = UserInfo.getUserId())) to avoid mixed DML.
3. Per-method: wrap code-under-test in Test.startTest() / Test.stopTest().
4. For async, enqueue before stopTest; assert results after.
5. For user-perspective tests, use System.runAs(u) { ... } inside the method.
6. Use @TestVisible sparingly — prefer dependency injection via method params.
7. Never use SeeAllData=true on new tests.

Review Checklist

• @TestSetup used for shared data (not repeated per method)
• Setup-object DML (User, Role, Group) isolated via System.runAs
• Test.startTest/stopTest wraps code-under-test
• Async jobs flushed at stopTest
• No SeeAllData=true
• @TestVisible used only where DI isn't feasible
• Setup method itself does not depend on org data

Salesforce-Specific Gotchas

1. If @TestSetup throws, all test methods in the class fail. Keep setup focused; move optional data to per-method builders.
2. Test.stopTest() resets limits only once per test method. You cannot nest start/stop pairs.
3. @TestSetup runs once — not once per method. Static variables set inside setup persist across methods.
4. Mixed DML rule doesn't apply in @TestSetup when System.runAs isn't present — the initial setup user context allows it. But if you enter a runAs block you're back to mixed-DML constraints.

Output Artifacts

Related Skills

• apex/test-data-factory-patterns — shared data factory design
• apex/apex-http-callout-mocking — mocking HTTP in tests
• apex/apex-system-runas — user-context testing details