Code Best Practice

PyMC-Marketing Best Practices Guide

This document outlines the coding conventions, preferred implementations, and style guidelines for contributing to pymc-marketing.

1. Coding Style & Standards

We follow strict linting and formatting rules enforced by Ruff and MyPy.

Python Conventions

• Type Hints: All function arguments and return types must be typed.

  # Good
  def calculate_metric(data: pd.DataFrame, col: str) -> xarray.DataArray: ...
  
  # Bad
  def calculate_metric(data, col): ...
  

• Line Length: Maximum 120 characters.
• Imports: Sorted automatically by Ruff.
• Validation: Use pydantic for runtime validation of user inputs in __init__ methods.

Docstrings (NumPy Style)

All public classes and functions must have docstrings following the NumPy style.

• Sections: Summary, Parameters, Returns, References (if applicable), Examples.
• Math: Include citations to relevant papers for statistical models.
• Examples: Use .. code-block:: python directive for code examples.

def expected_purchases(self, future_t: int) -> xarray.DataArray:
    """
    Compute expected number of future purchases.

    Parameters
    ----------
    future_t : int
        Number of time periods to predict.

    Returns
    -------
    xarray.DataArray
        The expected number of purchases.

    Examples
    --------
    .. code-block:: python

        model = MyModel(data)
        model.fit()
        model.expected_purchases(future_t=12)

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Fader, P. S., et al. (2005). "Counting Your Customers..."
    """

2. Preferred Implementations for Speed & Scalability

Vectorization over Loops

Avoid Python loops for mathematical operations. Use numpy, xarray, or pytensor (via pymc) broadcasting.

• Why: Python loops are slow; vectorized operations in C/Fortran backends are orders of magnitude faster.

# Bad: Iterating over customers
results = []
for customer in customers:
    results.append(calculate_val(customer))

# Good: Vectorized operation
results = alpha * np.exp(-beta * data)

Efficient PyMC Modeling

1. Use pm.Data for Mutable Inputs: Allows you to change data (e.g., for out-of-sample predictions) without rebuilding the model graph.

   # In build_model
   self.model_coords = {"customer_id": unique_ids}
   with pm.Model(coords=self.model_coords) as self.model:
       # Mutable data container
       x_data = pm.Data("x_data", data[cols], dims="customer_id")
       ...
   

2. Batch Dimensions (Coords): Use named dimensions (dims) instead of raw shapes. This integrates with xarray for post-processing.

   # Good
   alpha = pm.Normal("alpha", mu=0, sigma=1, dims="channel")
   

3. HSGP for Gaussian Processes: For time-varying parameters (like in MMM), prefer Hilbert Space Gaussian Processes (HSGP) over standard GPs. HSGP approximates the GP using basis functions, reducing complexity from $O(n^3)$ to $O(n \cdot m)$.

PyTensor for Optimization & Analysis

When implementing functionality like sensitivity analysis, optimization routines, or complex transformations, prefer pytensor operations over pure Python/NumPy.

• Backend Capabilities: PyTensor graphs can be compiled to C, JAX, or MLX (Apple Silicon), enabling hardware acceleration and automatic differentiation.
• Automatic Differentiation: Essential for gradient-based optimization and sensitivity analysis.

import pytensor.tensor as pt

# Good: PyTensor implementation
def saturation(x, alpha):
    return 1 - pt.exp(-alpha * x)

# This graph can now be differentiated with respect to alpha

3. Class Structure & Design Patterns

Model Class Architecture

Models should inherit from base classes (MMM, CLVModel) and implement specific lifecycle methods:

1. __init__:

   • Validate inputs using validate_call or pydantic.
   • Store configuration (priors) in a model_config dictionary.
   • Do not build the PyMC model here.

2. build_model:

   • Constructs the PyMC model context.
   • Defines pm.Data containers and random variables.

3. _extract_predictive_variables:

   • Helper to prepare input data for predictions, converting pandas to xarray.

Configuration Management & Priors

Use a default_model_config property to define default priors. This allows users to easily override specific priors without rewriting the whole model.

Always use pymc_extras.prior.Prior for defining distributions. This provides a dictionary-based specification that is serializable and easy for users to modify.

from pymc_extras.prior import Prior

@property
def default_model_config(self) -> dict:
    return {
        "alpha": Prior("Weibull", alpha=2, beta=10),
        "beta": Prior("Normal", mu=0, sigma=1),
    }

4. Testing Best Practices

• Framework: pytest.
• Coverage: High test coverage is required.
• Parametrization: Use @pytest.mark.parametrize to test multiple scenarios efficiently.
• Synthetic Data: Use helper functions to generate synthetic data for testing model recovery.

@pytest.mark.parametrize("future_t", [1, 10])
def test_expected_purchases(model, future_t):
    pred = model.expected_purchases(future_t=future_t)
    assert pred.shape == (4000, 100)  # (chains*draws, customers)

5. Workflow Checklist

Before submitting a PR:

1. Lint: make lint (runs Ruff).
2. Type Check: pre-commit run mypy --all-files.
3. Test: make test.
4. Docs: Ensure new public methods have docstrings.