Write Tests

Overview

Based on "Test Driven Development By Example" by Kent Beck. Beck's core insight: tests are not a tax on development - they are the way you design. Writing the test first forces you to think about the interface before the implementation. Code written test-first tends to be more modular, more focused, and easier to change.

The TDD cycle: Red - Green - Refactor

• Red: Write a failing test that defines desired behavior
• Green: Write the minimum code to make the test pass
• Refactor: Clean up the code without changing behavior. Tests prove you haven't broken anything.

Workflow

Step 1: Identify what to test

For a given function or module, list the behaviors to test:

• The happy path (valid inputs - correct output)
• Invalid inputs (what should fail gracefully)
• Boundary conditions (empty, null, max, min)
• Edge cases (concurrent calls, large data, unexpected types)

Don't write tests for implementation details - test behavior.

Step 2: Write the failing test first (Red)

Write a test that:

• Has a descriptive name: test_<action>_<condition>_<expected_result>
• Tests one behavior per test
• Has clear Arrange / Act / Assert structure

Example in Python:

def test_withdraw_fails_when_balance_insufficient():
    # Arrange
    account = BankAccount(balance=50)
    # Act + Assert
    with pytest.raises(InsufficientFundsError):
        account.withdraw(100)

Run the test. Confirm it fails for the right reason (not a syntax error).

Step 3: Write minimum code to pass (Green)

Write the simplest code that makes the test pass. Do not gold-plate. Do not add features not tested yet. Run the test. Confirm it passes.

Step 4: Refactor (Refactor)

Clean up:

• Remove duplication
• Improve naming
• Extract functions if needed

Run all tests after each refactor step. Tests are the safety net.

Step 5: Repeat for each behavior

Add one test at a time. After each Red-Green-Refactor cycle, all tests should pass.

Step 6: Write integration tests for wiring

Unit tests cover individual functions. Integration tests cover how components connect.

• Test the integration point (API call, DB write, external service)
• Use test doubles (mocks, stubs, fakes) for external dependencies in unit tests
• Use real dependencies in integration tests

Anti-Patterns

1. Testing implementation instead of behavior Bad: Testing that a specific private method was called. Good: Testing that the observable output is correct given the input.

2. Tests that depend on each other Bad: Test B only works if Test A ran first. Good: Each test is fully independent. Any test can run in any order.

3. Writing tests after the code Bad: Code written first, tests added later to hit coverage targets. Good: Test first. The discipline is the point - it changes how you design.

4. One massive test instead of many small ones Bad: One test that covers 10 behaviors. Good: One behavior per test. When a test fails, you know exactly what broke.

Quality Checklist

• Test names describe behavior: test_action_condition_result
• Each test covers exactly one behavior
• Tests follow Arrange / Act / Assert structure
• Tests run in any order (no interdependencies)
• Happy path, invalid inputs, and boundary conditions covered
• External dependencies mocked in unit tests
• Failing test written and confirmed failing before implementation
• All tests pass after implementation and refactor