Backend Database Specialist

Supabase Integration Expert

Purpose

Provide comprehensive, accurate guidance for building applications with Supabase based on 2,616+ official documentation files. Cover all aspects of database operations, authentication, real-time features, file storage, edge functions, vector search, and platform integrations.

Documentation Coverage

Full access to official Supabase documentation (when available):

• Location: docs/supabase_com/
• Files: 2,616 markdown files
• Coverage: Complete guides, API references, client libraries, and platform docs

Note: Documentation must be pulled separately:

pipx install docpull
docpull https://supabase.com/docs -o .claude/skills/supabase/docs

Major Areas:

• Database: PostgreSQL, Row Level Security (RLS), migrations, functions, triggers
• Authentication: Email/password, OAuth, magic links, SSO, MFA, phone auth
• Real-time: Database changes, broadcast, presence, channels
• Storage: File uploads, image transformations, CDN, buckets
• Edge Functions: Deno runtime, serverless, global deployment
• Vector/AI: pgvector, embeddings, semantic search, RAG
• Client Libraries: JavaScript, Python, Dart (Flutter), Swift, Kotlin
• Platform: CLI, local development, branching, observability
• Integrations: Next.js, React, Vue, Svelte, React Native, Expo

When to Use

Invoke when user mentions:

• Database: PostgreSQL, Postgres, SQL, database, tables, queries, migrations
• Auth: authentication, login, signup, OAuth, SSO, multi-factor, magic links
• Real-time: real-time, subscriptions, websocket, live data, presence, broadcast
• Storage: file upload, file storage, images, S3, CDN, buckets
• Functions: edge functions, serverless, API, Deno, cloud functions
• Security: Row Level Security, RLS, policies, permissions, access control
• AI/ML: vector search, embeddings, pgvector, semantic search, AI, RAG
• Framework Integration: Next.js, React, Supabase client, hooks

How to Use Documentation

When answering questions:

1. Search for specific topics:

   # Use Grep to find relevant docs
   grep -r "row level security" docs/supabase_com/ --include="*.md"
   

2. Find guides:

   # Guides are organized by feature
   ls docs/supabase_com/guides_*
   

3. Check reference docs:

   # Reference docs for client libraries
   ls docs/supabase_com/reference_*
   

Quick Start

Installation

npm install @supabase/supabase-js

Initialize Client

import { createClient } from '@supabase/supabase-js';

const supabase = createClient(
  process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL!,
  process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY!
);

Environment Variables:

• NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL - Your project URL (safe for client)
• NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY - Anonymous/public key (safe for client)
• SUPABASE_SERVICE_ROLE_KEY - Admin key (server-side only, bypasses RLS)

Database Operations

CRUD Operations

// Insert
const { data, error } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .insert({
    title: 'Hello World',
    content: 'My first post',
    user_id: user.id,
  })
  .select()
  .single();

// Read (with filters)
const { data: posts } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .select('*')
  .eq('published', true)
  .order('created_at', { ascending: false })
  .limit(10);

// Update
const { data, error } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .update({ published: true })
  .eq('id', postId)
  .select()
  .single();

// Delete
const { error } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .delete()
  .eq('id', postId);

// Upsert (insert or update)
const { data, error } = await supabase
  .from('profiles')
  .upsert({
    id: user.id,
    name: 'John Doe',
    updated_at: new Date().toISOString(),
  })
  .select();

Advanced Queries

// Joins
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .select(`
    *,
    author:profiles(name, avatar),
    comments(count)
  `)
  .eq('published', true);

// Full-text search
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .select('*')
  .textSearch('title', `'nextjs' & 'supabase'`);

// Range queries
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .select('*')
  .gte('created_at', '2024-01-01')
  .lt('created_at', '2024-12-31');

// JSON queries
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('posts')
  .select('*')
  .contains('metadata', { tags: ['tutorial'] });

Database Functions

// Call stored procedure
const { data, error } = await supabase
  .rpc('get_user_stats', {
    user_id: userId,
  });

// Call with filters
const { data } = await supabase
  .rpc('search_posts', { search_term: 'supabase' })
  .limit(10);

Authentication

Sign Up / Sign In

// Email/password signup
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.signUp({
  email: 'user@example.com',
  password: 'secure-password',
  options: {
    data: {
      first_name: 'John',
      last_name: 'Doe',
    },
  },
});

// Email/password sign in
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithPassword({
  email: 'user@example.com',
  password: 'secure-password',
});

// Magic link (passwordless)
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOtp({
  email: 'user@example.com',
  options: {
    emailRedirectTo: 'https://example.com/auth/callback',
  },
});

// Phone/SMS
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOtp({
  phone: '+1234567890',
});

OAuth Providers

// Google sign in
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOAuth({
  provider: 'google',
  options: {
    redirectTo: 'http://localhost:3000/auth/callback',
    scopes: 'profile email',
  },
});

Supported providers:

• Google, GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket
• Azure, Apple, Discord, Facebook
• Slack, Spotify, Twitch, Twitter/X
• Linear, Notion, Figma, and more

User Session Management

// Get current user
const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser();

// Get session
const { data: { session } } = await supabase.auth.getSession();

// Sign out
const { error } = await supabase.auth.signOut();

// Listen to auth changes
supabase.auth.onAuthStateChange((event, session) => {
  if (event === 'SIGNED_IN') {
    console.log('User signed in:', session.user);
  }
  if (event === 'SIGNED_OUT') {
    console.log('User signed out');
  }
  if (event === 'TOKEN_REFRESHED') {
    console.log('Token refreshed');
  }
});

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

// Enroll MFA
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.mfa.enroll({
  factorType: 'totp',
  friendlyName: 'My Authenticator App',
});

// Verify MFA
const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.mfa.challengeAndVerify({
  factorId: data.id,
  code: '123456',
});

// List factors
const { data: factors } = await supabase.auth.mfa.listFactors();

Row Level Security (RLS)

Enable RLS

-- Enable RLS on table
ALTER TABLE posts ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

Create Policies

-- Public read access
CREATE POLICY "Posts are viewable by everyone"
  ON posts FOR SELECT
  USING (true);

-- Users can insert their own posts
CREATE POLICY "Users can create posts"
  ON posts FOR INSERT
  WITH CHECK (auth.uid() = user_id);

-- Users can update only their posts
CREATE POLICY "Users can update own posts"
  ON posts FOR UPDATE
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

-- Users can delete only their posts
CREATE POLICY "Users can delete own posts"
  ON posts FOR DELETE
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

-- Conditional access (e.g., premium users)
CREATE POLICY "Premium content for premium users"
  ON posts FOR SELECT
  USING (
    NOT premium OR
    (auth.uid() IN (
      SELECT user_id FROM subscriptions
      WHERE status = 'active'
    ))
  );

Helper Functions

-- Get current user ID
auth.uid()

-- Get current JWT
auth.jwt()

-- Access JWT claims
(auth.jwt()->>'role')::text
(auth.jwt()->>'email')::text

Real-time Subscriptions

Listen to Database Changes

const channel = supabase
  .channel('posts-changes')
  .on(
    'postgres_changes',
    {
      event: '*', // or 'INSERT', 'UPDATE', 'DELETE'
      schema: 'public',
      table: 'posts',
    },
    (payload) => {
      console.log('Change received:', payload);
    }
  )
  .subscribe();

// Cleanup
channel.unsubscribe();

Filter Real-time Events

// Only listen to specific user's posts
const channel = supabase
  .channel('my-posts')
  .on(
    'postgres_changes',
    {
      event: 'INSERT',
      schema: 'public',
      table: 'posts',
      filter: `user_id=eq.${userId}`,
    },
    (payload) => {
      console.log('New post:', payload.new);
    }
  )
  .subscribe();

Broadcast (Ephemeral Messages)

const channel = supabase.channel('chat-room');

// Send message
await channel.send({
  type: 'broadcast',
  event: 'message',
  payload: { text: 'Hello!', user: 'John' },
});

// Receive messages
channel.on('broadcast', { event: 'message' }, (payload) => {
  console.log('Message:', payload.payload);
});

await channel.subscribe();

Presence Tracking

const channel = supabase.channel('room-1');

// Track presence
channel
  .on('presence', { event: 'sync' }, () => {
    const state = channel.presenceState();
    console.log('Online users:', Object.keys(state).length);
  })
  .on('presence', { event: 'join' }, ({ key, newPresences }) => {
    console.log('User joined:', newPresences);
  })
  .on('presence', { event: 'leave' }, ({ key, leftPresences }) => {
    console.log('User left:', leftPresences);
  })
  .subscribe(async (status) => {
    if (status === 'SUBSCRIBED') {
      await channel.track({
        user_id: userId,
        online_at: new Date().toISOString(),
      });
    }
  });

Storage

Upload Files

const file = event.target.files[0];

const { data, error } = await supabase.storage
  .from('avatars')
  .upload(`public/${userId}/avatar.png`, file, {
    cacheControl: '3600',
    upsert: true,
  });

// Upload from base64
const { data, error } = await supabase.storage
  .from('avatars')
  .upload('file.png', decode(base64String), {
    contentType: 'image/png',
  });

Download Files

// Download as blob
const { data, error } = await supabase.storage
  .from('avatars')
  .download('public/avatar.png');

const url = URL.createObjectURL(data);

Public URLs

// Get public URL (for public buckets)
const { data } = supabase.storage
  .from('avatars')
  .getPublicUrl('public/avatar.png');

console.log(data.publicUrl);

Signed URLs (Private Files)

// Create temporary access URL
const { data, error } = await supabase.storage
  .from('private-files')
  .createSignedUrl('document.pdf', 3600); // 1 hour

console.log(data.signedUrl);

Image Transformations

const { data } = supabase.storage
  .from('avatars')
  .getPublicUrl('avatar.png', {
    transform: {
      width: 400,
      height: 400,
      resize: 'cover', // 'contain', 'cover', 'fill'
      quality: 80,
    },
  });

List Files

const { data, error } = await supabase.storage
  .from('avatars')
  .list('public', {
    limit: 100,
    offset: 0,
    sortBy: { column: 'created_at', order: 'desc' },
  });

Edge Functions

Create Function

# Install Supabase CLI
npm install -g supabase

# Initialize project
supabase init

# Create function
supabase functions new my-function

Function Example

// supabase/functions/my-function/index.ts
import { serve } from 'https://deno.land/std@0.168.0/http/server.ts';
import { createClient } from 'https://esm.sh/@supabase/supabase-js@2';

serve(async (req) => {
  try {
    // Initialize Supabase client
    const supabase = createClient(
      Deno.env.get('SUPABASE_URL')!,
      Deno.env.get('SUPABASE_ANON_KEY')!,
      {
        global: {
          headers: { Authorization: req.headers.get('Authorization')! },
        },
      }
    );

    // Get authenticated user
    const { data: { user }, error: authError } = await supabase.auth.getUser();

    if (authError || !user) {
      return new Response(JSON.stringify({ error: 'Unauthorized' }), {
        status: 401,
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      });
    }

    // Query database
    const { data: posts, error } = await supabase
      .from('posts')
      .select('*')
      .eq('user_id', user.id);

    if (error) throw error;

    return new Response(JSON.stringify({ posts }), {
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    });
  } catch (error) {
    return new Response(JSON.stringify({ error: error.message }), {
      status: 500,
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
    });
  }
});

Deploy Function

# Deploy single function
supabase functions deploy my-function

# Deploy all functions
supabase functions deploy

Invoke Function

const { data, error } = await supabase.functions.invoke('my-function', {
  body: { name: 'World' },
});

console.log(data);

Vector Search (AI/ML)

Enable pgvector

-- Enable extension
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;

-- Create table with vector column
CREATE TABLE documents (
  id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  content TEXT,
  embedding VECTOR(1536) -- OpenAI ada-002 dimensions
);

-- Create HNSW index for fast similarity search
CREATE INDEX ON documents USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);

Store Embeddings

import OpenAI from 'openai';

const openai = new OpenAI({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY });

// Generate embedding
const response = await openai.embeddings.create({
  model: 'text-embedding-ada-002',
  input: 'Supabase is awesome',
});

const embedding = response.data[0].embedding;

// Store in database
const { data, error } = await supabase
  .from('documents')
  .insert({
    content: 'Supabase is awesome',
    embedding,
  });

Similarity Search

// Find similar documents
const { data, error } = await supabase.rpc('match_documents', {
  query_embedding: embedding,
  match_threshold: 0.78,
  match_count: 10,
});

Similarity search function:

CREATE FUNCTION match_documents (
  query_embedding VECTOR(1536),
  match_threshold FLOAT,
  match_count INT
)
RETURNS TABLE (
  id BIGINT,
  content TEXT,
  similarity FLOAT
)
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
  RETURN QUERY
  SELECT
    documents.id,
    documents.content,
    1 - (documents.embedding <=> query_embedding) AS similarity
  FROM documents
  WHERE 1 - (documents.embedding <=> query_embedding) > match_threshold
  ORDER BY documents.embedding <=> query_embedding
  LIMIT match_count;
END;
$$;

Next.js Integration

Server Components

// app/posts/page.tsx
import { createServerComponentClient } from '@supabase/auth-helpers-nextjs';
import { cookies } from 'next/headers';

export default async function PostsPage() {
  const supabase = createServerComponentClient({ cookies });

  const { data: posts } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .select('*')
    .order('created_at', { ascending: false });

  return (
    <div>
      {posts?.map((post) => (
        <div key={post.id}>{post.title}</div>
      ))}
    </div>
  );
}

Client Components

// app/new-post/page.tsx
'use client';

import { createClientComponentClient } from '@supabase/auth-helpers-nextjs';
import { useState } from 'react';

export default function NewPostPage() {
  const supabase = createClientComponentClient();
  const [title, setTitle] = useState('');

  const handleSubmit = async (e: FormEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault();

    const { error } = await supabase
      .from('posts')
      .insert({ title });

    if (error) console.error(error);
  };

  return <form
}

Middleware (Auth Protection)

// middleware.ts
import { createMiddlewareClient } from '@supabase/auth-helpers-nextjs';
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server';

export async function middleware(req: NextRequest) {
  const res = NextResponse.next();
  const supabase = createMiddlewareClient({ req, res });

  const { data: { session } } = await supabase.auth.getSession();

  // Redirect to login if not authenticated
  if (!session && req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', req.url));
  }

  return res;
}

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*'],
};

Route Handlers

// app/api/posts/route.ts
import { createRouteHandlerClient } from '@supabase/auth-helpers-nextjs';
import { cookies } from 'next/headers';
import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';

export async function GET() {
  const supabase = createRouteHandlerClient({ cookies });

  const { data: posts } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .select('*');

  return NextResponse.json({ posts });
}

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const supabase = createRouteHandlerClient({ cookies });
  const body = await request.json();

  const { data, error } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .insert(body)
    .select()
    .single();

  if (error) {
    return NextResponse.json({ error: error.message }, { status: 400 });
  }

  return NextResponse.json({ post: data });
}

Database Migrations

Create Migration

supabase migration new create_posts_table

Migration File Example

-- supabase/migrations/20241116000000_create_posts_table.sql

-- Create table
CREATE TABLE posts (
  id UUID DEFAULT gen_random_uuid() PRIMARY KEY,
  user_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users NOT NULL,
  title TEXT NOT NULL,
  content TEXT,
  published BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
  created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT timezone('utc'::text, now()) NOT NULL,
  updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT timezone('utc'::text, now()) NOT NULL
);

-- Enable RLS
ALTER TABLE posts ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

-- Create policies
CREATE POLICY "Public posts are viewable by everyone"
  ON posts FOR SELECT
  USING (published = true);

CREATE POLICY "Users can view their own posts"
  ON posts FOR SELECT
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

CREATE POLICY "Users can create posts"
  ON posts FOR INSERT
  WITH CHECK (auth.uid() = user_id);

CREATE POLICY "Users can update own posts"
  ON posts FOR UPDATE
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id);

-- Create indexes
CREATE INDEX posts_user_id_idx ON posts(user_id);
CREATE INDEX posts_created_at_idx ON posts(created_at DESC);
CREATE INDEX posts_published_idx ON posts(published) WHERE published = true;

-- Create updated_at trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION handle_updated_at()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
  NEW.updated_at = NOW();
  RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER set_updated_at
  BEFORE UPDATE ON posts
  FOR EACH ROW
  EXECUTE FUNCTION handle_updated_at();

Run Migrations

# Apply migrations locally
supabase db reset

# Push to remote (production)
supabase db push

TypeScript Integration

Database Type Generation

# Generate types from your database schema
supabase gen types typescript --project-id YOUR_PROJECT_ID > types/supabase.ts

# Or from local development
supabase gen types typescript --local > types/supabase.ts

Type-Safe Client

// lib/supabase/types.ts
export type Json =
  | string
  | number
  | boolean
  | null
  | { [key: string]: Json | undefined }
  | Json[]

export interface Database {
  public: {
    Tables: {
      posts: {
        Row: {
          id: string
          created_at: string
          title: string
          content: string | null
          user_id: string
          published: boolean
        }
        Insert: {
          id?: string
          created_at?: string
          title: string
          content?: string | null
          user_id: string
          published?: boolean
        }
        Update: {
          id?: string
          created_at?: string
          title?: string
          content?: string | null
          user_id?: string
          published?: boolean
        }
      }
      profiles: {
        Row: {
          id: string
          name: string | null
          avatar_url: string | null
          created_at: string
        }
        Insert: {
          id: string
          name?: string | null
          avatar_url?: string | null
          created_at?: string
        }
        Update: {
          id?: string
          name?: string | null
          avatar_url?: string | null
          created_at?: string
        }
      }
    }
    Views: {
      [_ in never]: never
    }
    Functions: {
      [_ in never]: never
    }
    Enums: {
      [_ in never]: never
    }
  }
}

// lib/supabase/client.ts
import { createClient } from '@supabase/supabase-js'
import { Database } from './types'

export const supabase = createClient<Database>(
  process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL!,
  process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY!
)

// Now you get full type safety!
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('posts')  // ✅ TypeScript knows this table exists
  .select('title, content, profiles(name)')  // ✅ TypeScript validates columns
  .eq('published', true)  // ✅ TypeScript validates types

// data is typed as:
// Array<{ title: string; content: string | null; profiles: { name: string | null } }>

Server vs Client Supabase

// lib/supabase/client.ts - Client-side (respects RLS)
import { createBrowserClient } from '@supabase/ssr'
import { Database } from './types'

export function createClient() {
  return createBrowserClient<Database>(
    process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL!,
    process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY!
  )
}

// lib/supabase/server.ts - Server-side (Next.js App Router)
import { createServerClient, type CookieOptions } from '@supabase/ssr'
import { cookies } from 'next/headers'
import { Database } from './types'

export function createClient() {
  const cookieStore = cookies()

  return createServerClient<Database>(
    process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL!,
    process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY!,
    {
      cookies: {
        get(name: string) {
          return cookieStore.get(name)?.value
        },
        set(name: string, value: string, options: CookieOptions) {
          try {
            cookieStore.set({ name, value, ...options })
          } catch (error) {
            // Called from Server Component - ignore
          }
        },
        remove(name: string, options: CookieOptions) {
          try {
            cookieStore.set({ name, value: '', ...options })
          } catch (error) {
            // Called from Server Component - ignore
          }
        },
      },
    }
  )
}

// lib/supabase/admin.ts - Admin client (bypasses RLS)
import { createClient } from '@supabase/supabase-js'
import { Database } from './types'

export const supabaseAdmin = createClient<Database>(
  process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL!,
  process.env.SUPABASE_SERVICE_ROLE_KEY!,  // ⚠️ Server-side only!
  {
    auth: {
      autoRefreshToken: false,
      persistSession: false
    }
  }
)

Next.js App Router Patterns

Server Components (Recommended)

// app/posts/page.tsx
import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/server'

export default async function PostsPage() {
  const supabase = createClient()

  // Fetch data on server (no loading state needed!)
  const { data: posts } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .select('*, profiles(*)')
    .eq('published', true)
    .order('created_at', { ascending: false })

  return (
    <div>
      {posts?.map(post => (
        <article key={post.id}>
          <h2>{post.title}</h2>
          <p>By {post.profiles?.name}</p>
          <div>{post.content}</div>
        </article>
      ))}
    </div>
  )
}

Server Actions for Mutations

// app/actions/posts.ts
'use server'

import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/server'
import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache'
import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'

export async function createPost(formData: FormData) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser()
  if (!user) {
    redirect('/login')
  }

  const title = formData.get('title') as string
  const content = formData.get('content') as string

  const { error } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .insert({
      title,
      content,
      user_id: user.id,
    })

  if (error) {
    throw new Error(error.message)
  }

  revalidatePath('/posts')
  redirect('/posts')
}

export async function updatePost(id: string, formData: FormData) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser()
  if (!user) throw new Error('Unauthorized')

  const { error } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .update({
      title: formData.get('title') as string,
      content: formData.get('content') as string,
    })
    .eq('id', id)
    .eq('user_id', user.id)  // Ensure user owns the post

  if (error) throw new Error(error.message)

  revalidatePath('/posts')
}

export async function deletePost(id: string) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser()
  if (!user) throw new Error('Unauthorized')

  const { error } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .delete()
    .eq('id', id)
    .eq('user_id', user.id)

  if (error) throw new Error(error.message)

  revalidatePath('/posts')
}

Client Component with Real-time

// app/components/PostsList.tsx
'use client'

import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/client'
import { Database } from '@/lib/supabase/types'

type Post = Database['public']['Tables']['posts']['Row']

export function PostsList({ initialPosts }: { initialPosts: Post[] }) {
  const [posts, setPosts] = useState(initialPosts)
  const supabase = createClient()

  useEffect(() => {
    const channel = supabase
      .channel('posts-changes')
      .on(
        'postgres_changes',
        {
          event: '*',
          schema: 'public',
          table: 'posts',
          filter: 'published=eq.true',
        },
        (payload) => {
          if (payload.eventType === 'INSERT') {
            setPosts(prev => [payload.new as Post, ...prev])
          } else if (payload.eventType === 'UPDATE') {
            setPosts(prev =>
              prev.map(post =>
                post.id === payload.new.id ? (payload.new as Post) : post
              )
            )
          } else if (payload.eventType === 'DELETE') {
            setPosts(prev => prev.filter(post => post.id !== payload.old.id))
          }
        }
      )
      .subscribe()

    return () => {
      supabase.removeChannel(channel)
    }
  }, [supabase])

  return (
    <div>
      {posts.map(post => (
        <article key={post.id}>
          <h2>{post.title}</h2>
          <p>{post.content}</p>
        </article>
      ))}
    </div>
  )
}

Route Handlers

// app/api/posts/route.ts
import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/server'
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url)
  const limit = parseInt(searchParams.get('limit') || '10')

  const { data, error } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .select('*')
    .eq('published', true)
    .order('created_at', { ascending: false })
    .limit(limit)

  if (error) {
    return NextResponse.json({ error: error.message }, { status: 500 })
  }

  return NextResponse.json(data)
}

export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser()
  if (!user) {
    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Unauthorized' }, { status: 401 })
  }

  const body = await request.json()

  const { data, error } = await supabase
    .from('posts')
    .insert({
      ...body,
      user_id: user.id,
    })
    .select()
    .single()

  if (error) {
    return NextResponse.json({ error: error.message }, { status: 500 })
  }

  return NextResponse.json(data)
}

Advanced Authentication

Email/Password with Email Confirmation

// app/actions/auth.ts
'use server'

import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/server'
import { redirect } from 'next/navigation'

export async function signUp(formData: FormData) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const email = formData.get('email') as string
  const password = formData.get('password') as string
  const name = formData.get('name') as string

  const { error } = await supabase.auth.signUp({
    email,
    password,
    options: {
      data: {
        name,  // Stored in auth.users.raw_user_meta_data
      },
      emailRedirectTo: `${process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_URL}/auth/callback`,
    },
  })

  if (error) {
    return { error: error.message }
  }

  return { success: true, message: 'Check your email to confirm your account' }
}

export async function signIn(formData: FormData) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const email = formData.get('email') as string
  const password = formData.get('password') as string

  const { error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithPassword({
    email,
    password,
  })

  if (error) {
    return { error: error.message }
  }

  redirect('/dashboard')
}

export async function signOut() {
  const supabase = createClient()
  await supabase.auth.signOut()
  redirect('/')
}

OAuth (Google, GitHub, etc.)

// app/actions/auth.ts
export async function signInWithGoogle() {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOAuth({
    provider: 'google',
    options: {
      redirectTo: `${process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_URL}/auth/callback`,
      queryParams: {
        access_type: 'offline',
        prompt: 'consent',
      },
    },
  })

  if (data?.url) {
    redirect(data.url)
  }
}

export async function signInWithGitHub() {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOAuth({
    provider: 'github',
    options: {
      redirectTo: `${process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_URL}/auth/callback`,
      scopes: 'read:user user:email',
    },
  })

  if (data?.url) {
    redirect(data.url)
  }
}

Magic Links

export async function sendMagicLink(email: string) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOtp({
    email,
    options: {
      emailRedirectTo: `${process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_URL}/auth/callback`,
    },
  })

  if (error) {
    return { error: error.message }
  }

  return { success: true, message: 'Check your email for the login link' }
}

Phone Auth (SMS)

export async function sendPhoneOTP(phone: string) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { error } = await supabase.auth.signInWithOtp({
    phone,
  })

  if (error) {
    return { error: error.message }
  }

  return { success: true }
}

export async function verifyPhoneOTP(phone: string, token: string) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { error } = await supabase.auth.verifyOtp({
    phone,
    token,
    type: 'sms',
  })

  if (error) {
    return { error: error.message }
  }

  redirect('/dashboard')
}

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

// Enable MFA for user
export async function enableMFA() {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.mfa.enroll({
    factorType: 'totp',
    friendlyName: 'Authenticator App',
  })

  if (error) throw error

  // data.totp.qr_code - QR code to scan
  // data.totp.secret - Secret to enter manually
  return data
}

// Verify MFA
export async function verifyMFA(factorId: string, code: string) {
  const supabase = createClient()

  const { data, error } = await supabase.auth.mfa.challengeAndVerify({
    factorId,
    code,
  })

  if (error) throw error
  return data
}

Auth Callback Handler

// app/auth/callback/route.ts
import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/server'
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) {
  const requestUrl = new URL(request.url)
  const code = requestUrl.searchParams.get('code')

  if (code) {
    const supabase = createClient()
    await supabase.auth.exchangeCodeForSession(code)
  }

  // Redirect to dashboard or wherever
  return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', request.url))
}

Protected Routes

// middleware.ts
import { createServerClient, type CookieOptions } from '@supabase/ssr'
import { NextResponse, type NextRequest } from 'next/server'

export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) {
  let response = NextResponse.next({
    request: {
      headers: request.headers,
    },
  })

  const supabase = createServerClient(
    process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_URL!,
    process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SUPABASE_ANON_KEY!,
    {
      cookies: {
        get(name: string) {
          return request.cookies.get(name)?.value
        },
        set(name: string, value: string, options: CookieOptions) {
          request.cookies.set({
            name,
            value,
            ...options,
          })
          response = NextResponse.next({
            request: {
              headers: request.headers,
            },
          })
          response.cookies.set({
            name,
            value,
            ...options,
          })
        },
        remove(name: string, options: CookieOptions) {
          request.cookies.set({
            name,
            value: '',
            ...options,
          })
          response = NextResponse.next({
            request: {
              headers: request.headers,
            },
          })
          response.cookies.set({
            name,
            value: '',
            ...options,
          })
        },
      },
    }
  )

  const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser()

  // Protect dashboard routes
  if (request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard') && !user) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url))
  }

  // Redirect authenticated users away from auth pages
  if (request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/login') && user) {
    return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', request.url))
  }

  return response
}

export const config = {
  matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*', '/login', '/signup'],
}

Advanced Row Level Security

Complex RLS Policies

-- Users can only see published posts or their own drafts
CREATE POLICY "Users can read appropriate posts"
  ON posts FOR SELECT
  USING (
    published = true
    OR
    auth.uid() = user_id
  );

-- Users can update only their own posts
CREATE POLICY "Users can update own posts"
  ON posts FOR UPDATE
  USING (auth.uid() = user_id)
  WITH CHECK (auth.uid() = user_id);

-- Team-based access
CREATE TABLE teams (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
  name TEXT NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE team_members (
  team_id UUID REFERENCES teams,
  user_id UUID REFERENCES auth.users,
  role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('owner', 'admin', 'member')),
  PRIMARY KEY (team_id, user_id)
);

CREATE TABLE team_documents (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
  team_id UUID REFERENCES teams,
  title TEXT,
  content TEXT
);

-- Only team members can see team documents
CREATE POLICY "Team members can view documents"
  ON team_documents FOR SELECT
  USING (
    team_id IN (
      SELECT team_id
      FROM team_members
      WHERE user_id = auth.uid()
    )
  );

-- Only team owners/admins can delete
CREATE POLICY "Team admins can delete documents"
  ON team_documents FOR DELETE
  USING (
    team_id IN (
      SELECT team_id
      FROM team_members
      WHERE user_id = auth.uid()
        AND role IN ('owner', 'admin')
    )
  );

Function-Based RLS

-- Create helper function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION is_team_admin(team_id UUID)
RETURNS BOOLEAN AS $$
BEGIN
  RETURN EXISTS (
    SELECT 1
    FROM team_members
    WHERE team_members.team_id = is_team_admin.team_id
      AND team_members.user_id = auth.uid()
      AND team_members.role IN ('owner', 'admin')
  );
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql SECURITY DEFINER;

-- Use in policy
CREATE POLICY "Admins can update team settings"
  ON teams FOR UPDATE
  USING (is_team_admin(id))
  WITH CHECK (is_team_admin(id));

RLS with JWT Claims

-- Access custom JWT claims
CREATE POLICY "Premium users can view premium content"
  ON premium_content FOR SELECT
  USING (
    (auth.jwt() -> 'user_metadata' ->> 'subscription_tier') = 'premium'
  );

-- Role-based access
CREATE POLICY "Admins have full access"
  ON sensitive_data FOR ALL
  USING (
    (auth.jwt() -> 'user_metadata' ->> 'role') = 'admin'
  );

Advanced Real-time Features

Presence (Who's Online)

'use client'

import { useEffect, useState } from 'react'
import { createClient } from '@/lib/supabase/client'

export function OnlineUsers() {
  const [onlineUsers, setOnlineUsers] = useState<any[]>([])
  const supabase = createClient()

  useEffect(() => {
    const channel = supabase.channel('online-users')

    channel
      .on('presence', { event: 'sync' }, () => {
        const state = channel.presenceState()
        const users = Object.values(state).flat()
        setOnlineUsers(users)
      })
      .on('presence', { event: 'join' }, ({ newPresences }) => {
        console.log('Users joined:', newPresences)
      })
      .on('presence', { event: 'leave' }, ({ leftPresences }) => {
        console.log('Users left:', leftPresences)
      })
      .subscribe(async (status) => {
        if (status === 'SUBSCRIBED') {
          // Track this user
          const { data: { user } } = await supabase.auth.getUser()
          if (user) {
            await channel.track({
              user_id: user.id,
              email: user.email,
              online_at: new Date().toISOString(),
            })
          }
        }
      })

    return () => {
      supabase.removeChannel(channel)
    }
  }, [])

  return (
    <div>
      <h3>{onlineUsers.length} users online</h3>
      <ul>
        {onlineUsers.map((user, i) => (
          <li key={i}>{user.email}</li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </div>
  )
}

Broadcast (Send Messages)

// Cursor tracking
export function CollaborativeCanvas() {
  const supabase = createClient()

  useEffect(() => {
    const channel = supabase.channel('canvas')

    channel
      .on('broadcast', { event: 'cursor' }, (payload) => {
        // Update cursor position
        updateCursor(payload.payload)
      })
      .subscribe()

    // Send cursor position
    const handleMouseMove = (e: MouseEvent) => {
      channel.send({
        type: 'broadcast',
        event: 'cursor',
        payload: { x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY },
      })
    }

    window.addEventListener('mousemove', handleMouseMove)

    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener('mousemove', handleMouseMove)
      supabase.removeChannel(channel)
    }
  }, [])

  return <canvas />
}

Postgres Changes (Database Events)

// Listen to specific columns
const channel = supabase
  .channel('post-changes')
  .on(
    'postgres_changes',
    {
      event: 'UPDATE',
      schema: 'public',
      table: 'posts',
      filter: 'id=eq.123',  // Specific row
    },
    (payload) => {
      console.log('Post updated:', payload)
    }
  )
  .subscribe()

// Listen to multiple tables
const channel = supabase
  .channel('changes')
  .on(
    'postgres_changes',
    { event: '*', schema: 'public', table: 'posts' },
    

…(truncated)