Contract
- Input: problem description and inputs defined by the skill body.
- Output: Markdown artifact with completed process steps.
- Side effects: none.
- Dependencies: none.
- Stop condition: all process steps executed; artifact saved with required sections.
- Risk: low.
- Boundary: produces reasoning artifact only; no system changes.
Consensus Mechanism Analysis
Analyse a consensus mechanism — its security model, finality, liveness, and economic incentives — and compare it against alternatives for a given threat model.
When to use
- The user wants to choose, design, or audit a blockchain consensus protocol.
- A protocol upgrade changes the consensus layer.
- A security or decentralisation assessment is needed.
Process
1. Classify the mechanism
Name the class and specific protocol:
- Nakamoto (PoW): Bitcoin, Ethereum PoW; probabilistic finality.
- Classical BFT: PBFT, Tendermint, HotStuff; deterministic finality within quorum.
- PoS + finality gadget: Ethereum PoS, Cosmos (Tendermint-based), Polkadot (GRANDPA/BABE).
- PoS + chain-based: Ouroboros (Cardano), Algorand.
- DAG-based: Avalanche (Snow family), Hashgraph.
- Data Availability (DA): Celestia-style DA, Ethereum Danksharding.
Completion criterion: protocol named; class stated; brief description of how it works.
2. Security properties
For each, state the guarantee:
- Safety: can two conflicting blocks be finalised simultaneously? Under what adversarial power?
- Liveness: does the chain keep producing blocks under adversarial conditions?
- Finality: deterministic (BFT) or probabilistic (Nakamoto)? Time to finality?
- Sybil resistance: how does it prevent a 51% attack?
- Censorship resistance: can a coalition of validators censor transactions?
Completion criterion: each property answered with yes/no/conditional and the threshold.
3. Economic incentives
- Rewards: block reward source (inflation, fees, MEV); amount; schedule.
- Slashing: conditions, penalty magnitude, percent of stake at risk.
- Disincentives: what prevents selfish mining, MEV extraction, validator bribery?
- Decentralisation: are rewards concentrated? What is the minimum stake to participate?
Completion criterion: reward source, slashing conditions, and decentralisation state reported.
4. Threat model comparison
Compare the chosen consensus against alternatives under:
- 51% attack: cost to attack (ASIC, stake, colluding validators).
- Censorship: under what conditions can censoring occur?
- Network partition: what happens during an internet split (e.g. Ethereum vs Cosmos)?
- Collusion: can a minority coalition finalise malicious blocks?
Completion criterion: threat model comparison completed for at least 3 attack vectors.
5. Deliver
Markdown artifact: classification, security properties, economic incentives, threat model, and a recommendation — which consensus fits a given use case (high-security store of value, high-throughput DeFi, censorship-resistant social, etc.).
Completion criterion: deliverable complete; recommendation tied to use case.