Dotnet API Surface Validation

dotnet-api-surface-validation

Tools and workflows for validating and tracking the public API surface of .NET libraries. Covers three complementary approaches: PublicApiAnalyzers for text-file tracking of shipped/unshipped APIs with Roslyn diagnostics, the Verify snapshot pattern for reflection-based API surface snapshot testing, and ApiCompat CI enforcement for gating pull requests on API surface changes.

Version assumptions: .NET 8.0+ baseline. PublicApiAnalyzers 3.3+ (ships with Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers or standalone Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PublicApiAnalyzers). ApiCompat tooling included in .NET 8+ SDK.

Scope

• PublicApiAnalyzers text-file tracking of shipped/unshipped APIs
• Verify snapshot pattern for reflection-based API surface testing
• ApiCompat CI enforcement for gating PRs on breaking changes
• Multi-TFM and monorepo API tracking strategies
• PR labeling and suppression file workflows

Out of scope

• Binary vs source compatibility rules, type forwarders, SemVer impact -- see [skill:dotnet-library-api-compat]
• NuGet packaging, EnablePackageValidation basics, and suppression file mechanics -- see [skill:dotnet-nuget-authoring] and [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting]
• Verify library fundamentals (setup, scrubbing, converters) -- see [skill:dotnet-snapshot-testing]
• General Roslyn analyzer configuration (EditorConfig, severity levels) -- see [skill:dotnet-roslyn-analyzers]
• HTTP API versioning -- see [skill:dotnet-api-versioning]

Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-library-api-compat] for binary/source compatibility rules, [skill:dotnet-nuget-authoring] for EnablePackageValidation and NuGet SemVer, [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting] for multi-TFM ApiCompat tool mechanics, [skill:dotnet-snapshot-testing] for Verify fundamentals, [skill:dotnet-roslyn-analyzers] for general analyzer configuration, [skill:dotnet-api-versioning] for HTTP API versioning.

PublicApiAnalyzers

PublicApiAnalyzers tracks every public API member in text files committed to source control. The analyzer enforces that new APIs go through an explicit "unshipped" phase before being marked "shipped," preventing accidental public API exposure and undocumented surface area changes.

Setup

Install the analyzer package:

<ItemGroup>
  <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PublicApiAnalyzers" Version="3.3.*" PrivateAssets="all" />
</ItemGroup>

Create the two tracking files at the project root (adjacent to the .csproj):

MyLib/
  MyLib.csproj
  PublicAPI.Shipped.txt    # APIs shipped in released versions
  PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt  # APIs added since last release

Both files must exist, even if empty. Each must contain a header comment:

#nullable enable

The #nullable enable header tells the analyzer to track nullable annotations in API signatures. Without it, nullable context differences are ignored.

Diagnostic Rules

RS0016 is the most common diagnostic. When you add a new public or protected member, RS0016 fires until you add the member's signature to PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt. Use the code fix (lightbulb) in the IDE to automatically add the entry.

RS0017 fires when you remove or rename a public member but the old signature still exists in the tracking files. Remove the stale line from the appropriate file.

File Format

Each line in the tracking files represents one public API symbol using its documentation comment ID format:

#nullable enable
MyLib.Widget
MyLib.Widget.Widget() -> void
MyLib.Widget.Name.get -> string!
MyLib.Widget.Name.set -> void
MyLib.Widget.Calculate(int count) -> decimal
MyLib.Widget.CalculateAsync(int count, System.Threading.CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(System.Threading.CancellationToken)) -> System.Threading.Tasks.Task<decimal>!
MyLib.IWidgetFactory
MyLib.IWidgetFactory.Create(string! name) -> MyLib.Widget!
MyLib.WidgetOptions
MyLib.WidgetOptions.WidgetOptions() -> void
MyLib.WidgetOptions.MaxRetries.get -> int
MyLib.WidgetOptions.MaxRetries.set -> void

Key formatting rules:

• The ! suffix denotes a non-nullable reference type in nullable-enabled context
• The ? suffix denotes a nullable reference type or nullable value type
• Constructors use the type name (e.g., Widget.Widget() -> void)
• Properties expand to .get and .set entries
• Default parameter values are included in the signature

Shipped/Unshipped Lifecycle

The workflow across release cycles:

During development (between releases):

1. Add new public API member to source code
2. RS0016 fires -- member not tracked
3. Use code fix or manually add to PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt
4. RS0016 clears

At release time:

1. Move all entries from PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt to PublicAPI.Shipped.txt
2. Clear PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt back to just the #nullable enable header
3. Commit both files as part of the release PR
4. Tag the release

When removing a previously shipped API (major version):

1. Remove the member from source code
2. Remove the entry from PublicAPI.Shipped.txt
3. RS0017 clears (if it fired)
4. Document the removal in release notes

When removing an unshipped API (before release):

1. Remove the member from source code
2. Remove the entry from PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt
3. No SemVer impact -- the API was never released

Multi-TFM Projects

For multi-targeted projects, PublicApiAnalyzers supports per-TFM tracking files when the API surface differs across targets:

MyLib/
  MyLib.csproj
  PublicAPI.Shipped.txt           # Shared across all TFMs
  PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt         # Shared across all TFMs
  PublicAPI.Shipped.net8.0.txt    # net8.0-specific APIs
  PublicAPI.Unshipped.net8.0.txt  # net8.0-specific APIs
  PublicAPI.Shipped.net10.0.txt   # net10.0-specific APIs
  PublicAPI.Unshipped.net10.0.txt # net10.0-specific APIs

The shared files contain APIs common to all TFMs. The TFM-specific files contain APIs that only exist on that target. The analyzer merges them at build time.

To enable per-TFM files, add to the .csproj:

<PropertyGroup>
  <RoslynPublicApiPerTfm>true</RoslynPublicApiPerTfm>
</PropertyGroup>

See [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting] for multi-TFM packaging mechanics.

Integrating with CI

PublicApiAnalyzers runs as part of the standard build. To enforce it in CI, ensure warnings are treated as errors for the RS-series rules:

<!-- In Directory.Build.props or the library .csproj -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <WarningsAsErrors>$(WarningsAsErrors);RS0016;RS0017;RS0036;RS0037</WarningsAsErrors>
</PropertyGroup>

This gates CI builds on any undeclared public API changes. Developers must explicitly update the tracking files before the build passes.

Verify API Surface Snapshot Pattern

Use the Verify library to snapshot-test the entire public API surface of an assembly. This approach uses reflection to enumerate all public types and members, producing a human-readable snapshot that is committed to source control and compared on every test run. Any change to the public API surface causes a test failure until the snapshot is explicitly approved.

This pattern complements PublicApiAnalyzers -- the analyzer catches changes at build time within the project, while the Verify snapshot catches changes from the perspective of a compiled assembly consumer.

For Verify fundamentals (setup, scrubbing, converters, diff tool integration, CI configuration), see [skill:dotnet-snapshot-testing].

Extracting the Public API Surface

Create a helper method that reflects over an assembly to produce a stable, sorted representation of all public types and their members:

using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;

public static class PublicApiExtractor
{
    public static string GetPublicApi(Assembly assembly)
    {
        var sb = new StringBuilder();

        var publicTypes = assembly
            .GetTypes()
            .Where(t => t.IsPublic || t.IsNestedPublic)
            .OrderBy(t => t.FullName, StringComparer.Ordinal);

        foreach (var type in publicTypes)
        {
            AppendType(sb, type);
        }

        return sb.ToString();
    }

    private static void AppendType(StringBuilder sb, Type type)
    {
        var kind = type switch
        {
            { IsEnum: true } => "enum",
            { IsValueType: true } => "struct",
            { IsInterface: true } => "interface",
            { IsAbstract: true, IsSealed: true } => "static class",
            { IsAbstract: true } => "abstract class",
            { IsSealed: true } => "sealed class",
            _ => "class"
        };

        sb.AppendLine($"{kind} {type.FullName}");

        var members = type
            .GetMembers(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance
                | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly)
            .OrderBy(m => m.MemberType)
            .ThenBy(m => m.Name, StringComparer.Ordinal)
            .ThenBy(m => m.ToString(), StringComparer.Ordinal);

        foreach (var member in members)
        {
            sb.AppendLine($"  {FormatMember(member)}");
        }

        sb.AppendLine();
    }

    private static string FormatMember(MemberInfo member) =>
        member switch
        {
            ConstructorInfo c => $".ctor({FormatParameters(c.GetParameters())})",
            MethodInfo m when !m.IsSpecialName =>
                $"{m.ReturnType.Name} {m.Name}({FormatParameters(m.GetParameters())})",
            PropertyInfo p => $"{p.PropertyType.Name} {p.Name} {{ {GetAccessors(p)} }}",
            FieldInfo f => $"{f.FieldType.Name} {f.Name}",
            EventInfo e => $"event {e.EventHandlerType?.Name} {e.Name}",
            _ => member.ToString() ?? string.Empty
        };

    private static string FormatParameters(ParameterInfo[] parameters) =>
        string.Join(", ", parameters.Select(p => $"{p.ParameterType.Name} {p.Name}"));

    private static string GetAccessors(PropertyInfo prop)
    {
        var parts = new List<string>();
        if (prop.GetMethod?.IsPublic == true) parts.Add("get;");
        if (prop.SetMethod?.IsPublic == true) parts.Add("set;");
        return string.Join(" ", parts);
    }
}

Writing the Snapshot Test

[UsesVerify]
public class PublicApiSurfaceTests
{
    [Fact]
    public Task PublicApi_ShouldMatchApprovedSurface()
    {
        var assembly = typeof(Widget).Assembly;
        var publicApi = PublicApiExtractor.GetPublicApi(assembly);

        return Verify(publicApi);
    }
}

On first run, this creates a .verified.txt file containing the full public API listing. Subsequent runs compare the current API surface against the approved snapshot. Any addition, removal, or modification of public members causes a test failure with a clear diff.

Reviewing API Surface Changes

When the snapshot test fails:

1. Verify generates a .received.txt file showing the new API surface
2. Diff the .received.txt against .verified.txt to review changes
3. If the changes are intentional, accept the new snapshot with verify accept
4. If the changes are accidental, revert the code changes

This creates a code-review checkpoint where every public API change must be explicitly approved by someone reviewing the snapshot diff in the pull request.

Combining with PublicApiAnalyzers

The two approaches serve different purposes:

Use both for maximum coverage: PublicApiAnalyzers catches changes during development, while Verify snapshots provide an end-to-end assembly-level validation in the test suite.

ApiCompat CI Enforcement

ApiCompat compares two assemblies (or a baseline NuGet package against the current build) and reports API differences. When integrated into CI, it gates pull requests on API surface changes -- any breaking change produces a build error that the author must explicitly acknowledge.

For EnablePackageValidation basics and suppression file mechanics, see [skill:dotnet-nuget-authoring] and [skill:dotnet-multi-targeting].

Package Validation in CI

The simplest enforcement uses EnablePackageValidation during dotnet pack:

<PropertyGroup>
  <EnablePackageValidation>true</EnablePackageValidation>
  <PackageValidationBaselineVersion>1.2.0</PackageValidationBaselineVersion>
</PropertyGroup>

In a CI pipeline, dotnet pack runs package validation automatically:

# GitHub Actions -- gate PRs on API compatibility
name: API Compatibility Check
on:
  pull_request:
    paths:
      - 'src/**'
      - '*.props'
      - '*.targets'

jobs:
  api-compat:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
        with:
          dotnet-version: '8.0.x'

      - name: Restore
        run: dotnet restore

      - name: Build
        run: dotnet build --configuration Release --no-restore

      - name: Pack with API validation
        run: dotnet pack --configuration Release --no-build
        # EnablePackageValidation runs during pack and fails
        # the build if breaking changes are detected

Standalone ApiCompat Tool for Assembly Comparison

When you need to compare assemblies without packing (e.g., comparing a feature branch build against the main branch build), use the standalone ApiCompat tool:

# GitHub Actions -- compare assemblies directly
name: API Diff Check
on:
  pull_request:

jobs:
  api-diff:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0

      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
        with:
          dotnet-version: '8.0.x'

      - name: Install ApiCompat tool
        run: dotnet tool install --global Microsoft.DotNet.ApiCompat.Tool

      - name: Build current branch
        run: dotnet build src/MyLib/MyLib.csproj -c Release -o artifacts/current

      - name: Build baseline (main branch)
        run: |
          git stash
          git checkout origin/main -- src/MyLib/
          dotnet build src/MyLib/MyLib.csproj -c Release -o artifacts/baseline
          git checkout - -- src/MyLib/
          git stash pop || true

      - name: Compare APIs
        run: |
          apicompat --left-assembly artifacts/baseline/MyLib.dll \
                    --right-assembly artifacts/current/MyLib.dll

PR Labeling for API Changes

Combine ApiCompat with PR labeling to surface API changes to reviewers:

      - name: Check for API changes
        id: api-check
        continue-on-error: true
        run: |
          apicompat --left-assembly artifacts/baseline/MyLib.dll \
                    --right-assembly artifacts/current/MyLib.dll 2>&1 | tee api-diff.txt
          echo "has_changes=$([[ -s api-diff.txt ]] && echo true || echo false)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Label PR with API changes
        if: steps.api-check.outputs.has_changes == 'true'
        run: gh pr edit "${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}" --add-label "api-change"
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

Handling Intentional Breaking Changes

When a breaking change is intentional (new major version), generate a suppression file:

dotnet pack /p:GenerateCompatibilitySuppressionFile=true

This creates CompatibilitySuppressions.xml in the project directory. Reference it explicitly if stored elsewhere:

<ItemGroup>
  <ApiCompatSuppressionFile Include="CompatibilitySuppressions.xml" />
</ItemGroup>

Note: ApiCompatSuppressionFile is an ItemGroup item, not a PropertyGroup property. Using PropertyGroup syntax silently does nothing.

The suppression file documents the specific breaking changes that are accepted:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Suppressions xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
              xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <Suppression>
    <DiagnosticId>CP0002</DiagnosticId>
    <Target>M:MyLib.Widget.Calculate</Target>
    <Left>lib/net8.0/MyLib.dll</Left>
    <Right>lib/net8.0/MyLib.dll</Right>
  </Suppression>
</Suppressions>

Commit suppression files to source control. Reviewers can inspect the file to verify that breaking changes are documented and intentional.

Enforcing PublicApiAnalyzers Files in CI

Combine PublicApiAnalyzers warnings-as-errors with a CI step that verifies tracking files are not stale:

      - name: Build with API tracking enforcement
        run: dotnet build -c Release /p:TreatWarningsAsErrors=true /warnaserror:RS0016,RS0017,RS0036,RS0037

      - name: Verify PublicAPI files are committed
        run: |
          if git diff --name-only | grep -q 'PublicAPI'; then
            echo "::error::PublicAPI tracking files have uncommitted changes"
            git diff -- '**/PublicAPI.*.txt'
            exit 1
          fi

Multi-Library Monorepo Enforcement

For repositories with multiple libraries, apply API validation at the solution level:

<!-- Directory.Build.props -- applied to all library projects -->
<Project>
  <PropertyGroup Condition="'$(IsPackable)' == 'true'">
    <EnablePackageValidation>true</EnablePackageValidation>
    <WarningsAsErrors>$(WarningsAsErrors);RS0016;RS0017;RS0036;RS0037</WarningsAsErrors>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(IsPackable)' == 'true'">
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PublicApiAnalyzers"
                      Version="3.3.*" PrivateAssets="all" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

This ensures every packable project in the repository has both PublicApiAnalyzers and package validation enabled without duplicating configuration.

Agent Gotchas

1. Do not forget to create both PublicAPI.Shipped.txt and PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt -- PublicApiAnalyzers requires both files to exist, even if empty. Missing files cause RS0037 warnings on every public member.
2. Do not omit the #nullable enable header from PublicAPI tracking files -- without it (RS0036), the analyzer ignores nullable annotation differences, missing real API surface changes in nullable-enabled libraries.
3. Do not put ApiCompatSuppressionFile in a PropertyGroup -- it is an ItemGroup item (<ApiCompatSuppressionFile Include="..." />). PropertyGroup syntax is silently ignored, and suppression will not work.
4. Do not move entries from PublicAPI.Unshipped.txt to PublicAPI.Shipped.txt mid-development -- move entries only at release time. Premature shipping makes it impossible to cleanly revert unreleased API additions.
5. Do not use the Verify API surface snapshot as the sole validation mechanism -- it runs at test time, after compilation. Use PublicApiAnalyzers for immediate build-time feedback and ApiCompat for baseline comparison; add Verify snapshots as an additional safety net.
6. Do not hardcode TFM-specific paths in CI ApiCompat workflows -- use MSBuild output path variables or parameterize the TFM to avoid breakage when TFMs are added or changed.
7. Do not suppress RS0016 globally with <NoWarn> -- this silently disables all public API tracking. Instead, add the missing API entries to the tracking files. If an API is intentionally internal but must be public (e.g., for InternalsVisibleTo alternatives), use [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)] and add it to the tracking files.
8. Do not generate the suppression file with GenerateCompatibilitySuppressionFile=true and forget to review it -- the file may suppress more changes than intended. Always review the generated XML before committing.

Prerequisites

• .NET 8.0+ SDK
• Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PublicApiAnalyzers NuGet package (for RS0016/RS0017 diagnostics)
• EnablePackageValidation MSBuild property (for baseline API comparison during dotnet pack)
• Microsoft.DotNet.ApiCompat.Tool (optional, for standalone assembly comparison outside of dotnet pack)
• Verify test library and test framework integration package (for API surface snapshot testing) -- see [skill:dotnet-snapshot-testing] for setup
• Understanding of binary vs source compatibility rules -- see [skill:dotnet-library-api-compat]

References

• Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.PublicApiAnalyzers
• Microsoft Learn: Package validation
• Microsoft Learn: API compatibility
• Microsoft.DotNet.ApiCompat.Tool
• Verify library -- snapshot testing framework
• PublicApiAnalyzers diagnostics reference