Performance

Performance optimization

Deep performance optimization based on Lighthouse performance audits. Focuses on loading speed, runtime efficiency, and resource optimization.

How it works

1. Identify performance bottlenecks in code and assets
2. Prioritize by impact on Core Web Vitals
3. Provide specific optimizations with code examples
4. Measure improvement with before/after metrics

Performance budget

Critical rendering path

Server response

• TTFB < 800ms. Time to First Byte should be fast. Use CDN, caching, and efficient backends.
• Enable compression. Gzip or Brotli for text assets. Brotli preferred (15-20% smaller).
• HTTP/2 or HTTP/3. Multiplexing reduces connection overhead.
• Edge caching. Cache HTML at CDN edge when possible.

Resource loading

Preconnect to required origins:

<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" />
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.example.com" crossorigin />

Preload critical resources:

<!-- LCP image -->
<link rel="preload" href="/hero.webp" as="image" fetchpriority="high" />

<!-- Critical font -->
<link rel="preload" href="/font.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />

Defer non-critical CSS:

<!-- Critical CSS inlined -->
<style>
  /* Above-fold styles */
</style>

<!-- Non-critical CSS -->
<link rel="preload" href="/styles.css" as="style" />
<noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="/styles.css" /></noscript>

JavaScript optimization

Defer non-essential scripts:

<!-- Parser-blocking (avoid) -->
<script src="/critical.js"></script>

<!-- Deferred (preferred) -->
<script defer src="/app.js"></script>

<!-- Async (for independent scripts) -->
<script async src="/analytics.js"></script>

<!-- Module (deferred by default) -->
<script type="module" src="/app.mjs"></script>

Code splitting patterns:

// Route-based splitting
const Dashboard = lazy(() => import("./Dashboard"));

// Component-based splitting
const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import("./HeavyChart"));

// Feature-based splitting
if (user.isPremium) {
  const PremiumFeatures = await import("./PremiumFeatures");
}

Tree shaking best practices:

// ❌ Imports entire library
import _ from "lodash";
_.debounce(fn, 300);

// ✅ Imports only what's needed
import debounce from "lodash/debounce";
debounce(fn, 300);

Image optimization

Format selection

Responsive images

<picture>
  <!-- AVIF for modern browsers -->
  <source
    type="image/avif"
    srcset="hero-400.avif 400w, hero-800.avif 800w, hero-1200.avif 1200w"
    sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 50vw"
  />

  <!-- WebP fallback -->
  <source
    type="image/webp"
    srcset="hero-400.webp 400w, hero-800.webp 800w, hero-1200.webp 1200w"
    sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 50vw"
  />

  <!-- JPEG fallback -->
  <img
    src="hero-800.jpg"
    srcset="hero-400.jpg 400w, hero-800.jpg 800w, hero-1200.jpg 1200w"
    sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 50vw"
    width="1200"
    height="600"
    alt="Hero image"
    loading="lazy"
    decoding="async"
  />
</picture>

LCP image priority

<!-- Above-fold LCP image: eager loading, high priority -->
<img src="hero.webp" fetchpriority="high" loading="eager" decoding="sync" alt="Hero" />

<!-- Below-fold images: lazy loading -->
<img src="product.webp" loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="Product" />

Font optimization

Loading strategy

/* System font stack as fallback */
body {
  font-family:
    "Custom Font",
    -apple-system,
    BlinkMacSystemFont,
    "Segoe UI",
    Roboto,
    sans-serif;
}

/* Prevent invisible text */
@font-face {
  font-family: "Custom Font";
  src: url("/fonts/custom.woff2") format("woff2");
  font-display: swap; /* or optional for non-critical */
  font-weight: 400;
  font-style: normal;
  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF; /* Subset to Latin */
}

Preloading critical fonts

<link rel="preload" href="/fonts/heading.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />

Variable fonts

/* One file instead of multiple weights */
@font-face {
  font-family: "Inter";
  src: url("/fonts/Inter-Variable.woff2") format("woff2-variations");
  font-weight: 100 900;
  font-display: swap;
}

Caching strategy

Cache-Control headers

# HTML (short or no cache)
Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate

# Static assets with hash (immutable)
Cache-Control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable

# Static assets without hash
Cache-Control: public, max-age=86400, stale-while-revalidate=604800

# API responses
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0, must-revalidate

Service worker caching

// Cache-first for static assets
self.addEventListener("fetch", (event) => {
  if (
    event.request.destination === "image" ||
    event.request.destination === "style" ||
    event.request.destination === "script"
  ) {
    event.respondWith(
      caches.match(event.request).then((cached) => {
        return (
          cached ||
          fetch(event.request).then((response) => {
            const clone = response.clone();
            caches.open("static-v1").then((cache) => cache.put(event.request, clone));
            return response;
          })
        );
      }),
    );
  }
});

Runtime performance

Avoid layout thrashing

// ❌ Forces multiple reflows
elements.forEach((el) => {
  const height = el.offsetHeight; // Read
  el.style.height = height + 10 + "px"; // Write
});

// ✅ Batch reads, then batch writes
const heights = elements.map((el) => el.offsetHeight); // All reads
elements.forEach((el, i) => {
  el.style.height = heights[i] + 10 + "px"; // All writes
});

Debounce expensive operations

function debounce(fn, delay) {
  let timeout;
  return (...args) => {
    clearTimeout(timeout);
    timeout = setTimeout(() => fn(...args), delay);
  };
}

// Debounce scroll/resize handlers
window.addEventListener("scroll", debounce(handleScroll, 100));

Use requestAnimationFrame

// ❌ May cause jank
setInterval(animate, 16);

// ✅ Synced with display refresh
function animate() {
  // Animation logic
  requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}
requestAnimationFrame(animate);

Virtualize long lists

// For lists > 100 items, render only visible items
// Use libraries like react-window, vue-virtual-scroller, or native CSS:
.virtual-list {
  content-visibility: auto;
  contain-intrinsic-size: 0 50px; /* Estimated item height */
}

Third-party scripts

Load strategies

// ❌ Blocks main thread
<script src="https://analytics.example.com/script.js"></script>

// ✅ Async loading
<script async src="https://analytics.example.com/script.js"></script>

// ✅ Delay until interaction
<script>
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
  const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
    if (entries[0].isIntersecting) {
      const script = document.createElement('script');
      script.src = 'https://widget.example.com/embed.js';
      document.body.appendChild(script);
      observer.disconnect();
    }
  });
  observer.observe(document.querySelector('#widget-container'));
});
</script>

Facade pattern

<!-- Show static placeholder until interaction -->
<div class="youtube-facade" data-video-id="abc123"
  <img src="/thumbnails/abc123.jpg" alt="Video title" />
  <button aria-label="Play video">▶</button>
</div>

Measurement

Key metrics

Testing commands

# Lighthouse CLI
npx lighthouse https://example.com --output html --output-path report.html

# Web Vitals library
import {onLCP, onINP, onCLS} from 'web-vitals';
onLCP(console.log);
onINP(console.log);
onCLS(console.log);

References

For Core Web Vitals specific optimizations, see Core Web Vitals.