Skywatch Conducting Investigations

Conducting Investigations

This skill guides investigation of suspicious activity on the AT Protocol, using a structured six-phase methodology that moves from broad discovery to targeted evidence gathering and final reporting.

ClickHouse Query Delegation

All ClickHouse queries must be dispatched to general-purpose subagents. ClickHouse querying is a rote activity — formulate SQL, execute via SSH, parse — and it consumes context window space with raw data. Dispatch a subagent with the research question, receive a structured summary back. The investigator works from summaries, not raw query results. The subagent accesses ClickHouse directly via SSH (connection details are injected by the load-clickhouse-env hook). MCP tools (co-sharing, recon) can be called directly.

Phase 1: Discovery

Start from a lead — reported accounts, rule hits, or suspicious patterns observed. The goal is rapid initial assessment to decide whether deeper investigation is warranted.

Data Collection:

• Query ClickHouse for the target account's rule hit history
• Pull all hits across all rules for the past 30-90 days
• Note which rules trigger most frequently
• Check for domain or URL mentions in the flagged content
• Check account_entropy_results for bot-like flags on target accounts
• Check url_overdispersion_results for anomalous domain sharing involving target accounts
• Check quote_overdispersion_results — are this account's posts being quoted at anomalous rates?
• Check URL and quote co-sharing clusters for the target account
• Check pds_signup_anomalies for the account's PDS host
• Pull Ozone moderation history — prior labels, reports, escalations, appeals
• Fetch the AT Protocol profile record for presentation and impersonation checks

Tool Guidance:

Dispatch the general-purpose subagent for all ClickHouse queries — the task is rote and preserves the investigator's context window for analysis:

• Subagent: "Pull rule hit history for DID [X] — temporal distribution, rule types triggered, counts by rule over the past 90 days"
• Subagent: "Check account_entropy_results for DID [X] — is it flagged as bot-like? Return entropy values"
• Subagent: "Check url_overdispersion_results for DID [X] — does this account appear in sample_dids for any anomalous domains?"
• Subagent: "Check quote_overdispersion_results for DID [X] — does this account appear as quoted_author_did with anomalous quoting rates? Also check if this DID appears in sample_dids (as a quoter in campaigns)"
• Subagent: "Check pds_signup_anomalies for the PDS hosting DID [X] — any anomalous signup volume?"
• Subagent: "Check quote_cosharing_membership for DID [X] — is this account part of any quote co-sharing clusters?"
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__cosharing_clusters with did — Check if target accounts belong to any URL co-sharing clusters. Cluster membership is an early coordination signal.
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_query_statuses with the target DID — Pull current moderation status: existing labels, review state, tags, open reports
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_query_events with the target DID — Pull moderation event log: prior labelling actions, escalations, appeals, reviewer comments
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__domain_check — Verify any domains mentioned in problematic content
• mcp__pdsx__describe_repo (PDSX) or Slingshot getRecord — Fetch the AT Protocol profile (display name, bio, avatar) for impersonation checks

Signals to Document:

• Volume of rule hits (count and frequency)
• Temporal clustering — are hits concentrated in time windows?
• Rule patterns — which rules trigger repeatedly?
• Content red flags — domains, repeated phrases, suspicious URLs
• Account entropy flags — is the account flagged as bot-like? What are the entropy values?
• Domain overdispersion — are any domains shared by this account flagged as anomalous?
• Quote overdispersion — are this account's posts being quoted at anomalous rates (target of pile-on)?
• Co-sharing cluster membership — URL clusters and/or quote clusters? What's the cluster size and evolution type?
• Moderation history — prior labels, appeals, escalations? Repeat offender pattern?
• Profile signals — impersonation indicators, custom domain handle registration details?

Decision Point:

• Does the account show patterns worth deeper investigation?
• Are there multiple rules triggered or a single isolated hit?
• Proceed to Phase 2 (Characterization) if the pattern warrants further analysis.

Phase 2: Characterization

Build a comprehensive profile of the target account(s). This phase focuses on understanding the account's normal behaviour, infrastructure, and operational patterns.

Data Collection:

• Complete activity timeline from account creation to present
• Posting patterns: frequency, timing, content themes
• Infrastructure: PDS host, account creation date, registration domain (if applicable)
• Profile characteristics: avatar, display name, bio changes (from AT Protocol profile record)
• Account entropy scores — hourly and interval entropy values, bot-like classification
• Ozone moderation history — build a timeline of prior moderation actions alongside the activity timeline
• Protocol-level identity — handle history, PDS migrations, custom domain details

Tool Guidance:

Dispatch the general-purpose subagent for ClickHouse queries:

• Subagent: "Generate a detailed activity timeline for DID [X] — posting statistics by hour/day, content themes, total volume"
• Subagent: "Get entropy scores from account_entropy_results for DID [X]. High hourly_entropy_norm (≥ 0.85) = uniform 24-hour posting; low interval_entropy_norm (≤ 0.53) = mechanical spacing; high interval_cv (≥ 0.5) = regular intervals. is_bot_like = hourly AND (interval OR cv)."
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_query_events with the target DID — Integrate moderation events into the activity timeline (when were labels applied? when were appeals filed? when were labels removed?)
• mcp__pdsx__describe_repo (PDSX) or Slingshot — Fetch current profile record. Check app.bsky.actor.profile/self for bio, avatar, display name. Use mcp__pdsx__list_records with app.bsky.graph.follow to sample follow targets if follow-farming is suspected.
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ip_lookup — Resolve any IP addresses associated with content or metadata
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__whois_lookup — Query registration details for discovered domains. Always run on custom-domain handles.

Signals to Document:

• Posting volume and temporal distribution (concentrated hours vs. 24/7 activity?)
• Content themes and language patterns
• Account age relative to activity intensity
• Infrastructure patterns (shared PDS, content delivery patterns)
• Entropy profile — does the account's temporal signature look automated? Compare raw values against thresholds.
• Moderation timeline — when were labels applied/removed? Is there a pattern of offence → label → appeal → re-offence?
• Profile presentation — does the bio/avatar suggest impersonation? Has the display name changed to evade detection?

Decision Point:

• Is the behaviour consistent with a bot, human, or coordinated group?
• Are there indicators of deception (fake profile, mismatched metadata)?
• Does the account show sustained policy violations regardless of coordination?

Three branches:

1. Signs of coordination or anomalous multi-account behaviour → Proceed to Phase 3 (Linkage)
2. Individual account with sustained policy violations (genuine human, not coordinated, but repeatedly violating rules) → Skip to Phase 6 (Reporting) with enforcement recommendation. Coordination is not a prerequisite for action — an uncoordinated account with a pattern of policy-violating behaviour warrants labelling based on its own conduct. Use skywatch-assess-account to produce a structured assessment if not already done.
3. Benign / explained / isolated one-off → Document conclusion and close investigation.

Phase 3: Linkage

Find connected accounts. This phase identifies other accounts exhibiting similar behaviour, content, or infrastructure characteristics.

Data Collection:

• Content similarity matching across the network
• Temporal correlation: accounts posting identical or similar content at similar times
• Infrastructure correlation: accounts sharing PDS hosts, domains, or IP patterns
• Shared bot-like entropy profiles across accounts
• Shared anomalous domain sharing patterns
• URL co-sharing cluster membership — accounts in the same cluster are sharing the same URLs on the same days
• Quote co-sharing cluster membership — accounts in the same cluster are quoting the same posts on the same days
• Quote overdispersion — are specific posts being quote-amplified by the network?
• Ozone cross-referencing — do linked accounts share moderation tags, labels, or escalation history?

Tool Guidance:

Dispatch the general-purpose subagent for ClickHouse queries:

• Subagent: "Cluster these DIDs by shared patterns — same URLs, same domains, same posting times. Use GROUP BY to find commonalities."
• Subagent: "Check account_entropy_results for DIDs [list]. Which are flagged is_bot_like? Do they share similar entropy profiles?"
• Subagent: "Check url_overdispersion_results — do any of these DIDs appear together in sample_dids for the same anomalous domain?"
• Subagent: "Check quote_overdispersion_results — are any posts by these DIDs being quoted at anomalous rates? Also check if these DIDs co-appear in sample_dids as quoters of the same target"
• Subagent: "Check quote_cosharing_membership for DIDs [list] — are any of these accounts in the same quote co-sharing clusters? Return cluster_ids, member_counts, sample_uris"
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__content_similarity — Find accounts posting the same or similar content (detects copypasta, template reuse)
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__cosharing_clusters with did — Check if target accounts belong to URL co-sharing clusters. Multiple target accounts in the same cluster is strong evidence of coordination.
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__cosharing_pairs with did — Drill into raw co-sharing edges to see exactly which URLs are being co-shared and with whom.
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__cosharing_evolution with cluster_id — If a cluster is found, trace its history to understand when the coordination started and how the network has evolved.
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_query_statuses with tags — Check if linked accounts share Ozone tags (e.g., same campaign tag applied by a prior reviewer). Shared tags from prior reviews are a strong linkage signal.

Signals to Document:

• Content overlap (exact matches vs. paraphrased)
• Timing synchronisation — do linked accounts post within minutes of each other?
• Shared infrastructure — PDS hosts, domain registrations, ASN overlap
• Account clustering — which accounts form tight groups?
• Shared automation signature — do linked accounts have similar entropy profiles?
• Domain campaign co-participation — do accounts share the same anomalous domains?
• URL co-sharing cluster membership — are accounts in the same cluster? How large is the cluster? What URLs are being pushed?
• Quote co-sharing cluster membership — are accounts coordinating quote-post campaigns? Which posts are being targeted?
• Quote overdispersion targets — are specific posts from the network (or targeting the network) being amplified at anomalous rates?
• Shared moderation history — do linked accounts carry the same Ozone tags or labels from prior reviews?

Decision Point:

• Is there evidence of coordination or are these coincidental similarities?
• Are there 2-3 accounts or a larger network?
• Proceed to Phase 4 (Amplification Mapping) if coordination is evident.

Phase 4: Amplification Mapping

Understand how the network's content spreads and what it targets. This phase reveals strategy and impact.

Data Collection:

• Repost chains: track how content spreads through the network
• Quote posts and replies: identify engagement patterns
• Target identification: which accounts/topics receive amplification?
• Engagement metrics: likes, reposts, replies per content
• Quote overdispersion: which specific posts are being amplified at anomalous rates?
• External domain campaigns: which URLs are being pushed and at what volume?

Tool Guidance:

Dispatch the general-purpose subagent for ClickHouse queries:

• Subagent: "Aggregate engagement patterns for these DIDs [list] — track content through reply trees, repost chains, quote posts"
• Subagent: "Query quote_overdispersion_results for quoted_author_did IN [network DIDs]. Which posts from the network are receiving anomalous quote amplification? Return quoted_uri, total_shares, unique_sharers, volume_q_value"
• Subagent: "Query url_overdispersion_results for domains shared by the network. Are any domains being pushed at anomalous rates? Cross-reference sample_dids with network DIDs."
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__url_expand — Resolve shortened URLs and link redirects to understand traffic targeting
• Slingshot getRecordByUri — Hydrate the most-amplified AT-URIs into full post records for content analysis
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_query_statuses — Check if amplification targets have already been reported or labelled

Signals to Document:

• Most-amplified content themes
• Primary targets (accounts, topics, hashtags)
• Amplification velocity (how quickly content spreads)
• External links and traffic destinations
• Quote overdispersion hits — specific posts receiving statistically anomalous amplification
• Domain overdispersion hits — specific domains being pushed at anomalous rates by the network

Decision Point:

• What is the network's strategic objective (harassment, propaganda, viral content)?
• Is the amplification effective (significant reach)?
• Proceed to Phase 5 (Rule Validation) to assess current detection coverage.

Phase 5: Rule Validation

Test whether existing rules catch the identified network. This phase reveals detection gaps.

Data Collection:

• Analyse rule hit coverage across all identified accounts
• Compare rule triggers with actual problematic behaviour
• Identify patterns that should trigger rules but don't

Tool Guidance:

Dispatch the general-purpose subagent for ClickHouse queries:

• Subagent: "Aggregate rule hits for DIDs [list] by account and rule type. Compare hit distribution before and after [date] to assess detection coverage."

Signals to Document:

• Rules that catch the network (coverage percentage)
• Rules that miss the network (gaps)
• Behaviour patterns that evade detection
• Suggested rule improvements or new rules needed

Decision Point:

• Is the network adequately covered by existing rules?
• Are there actionable gaps that require new rules?
• Proceed to Phase 6 (Reporting) with findings.

Phase 6: Reporting

Synthesise all findings into a structured, actionable report. This phase produces the final artefact.

Actions:

• Select appropriate report type (memo, cluster deep-dive, cross-cluster, rule check)
• Structure findings using the BLIND format (see skywatch-reporting-results skill)
• Apply labels via mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_label if the investigation warrants enforcement action
• Apply tags via mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_tag to link accounts to the investigation (e.g., campaign name tags)
• Add investigator notes via mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_comment for accounts that need ongoing monitoring
• Store the report in the investigation directory using the naming convention

Tool Guidance:

• Consult skywatch-reporting-results skill for formatting requirements
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_label — Apply moderation labels if warranted
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_tag — Tag investigated accounts with the case name for future correlation
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_comment — Add context notes that future reviewers will see when the account surfaces again
• mcp__skywatch-mcp__ozone_escalate — Escalate accounts that meet the escalation criteria above

Output:

• Formatted investigation report ready for review or distribution
• Supporting data files (tables, network graphs, query results)
• Ozone artefacts: labels applied, tags added, comments written, escalations filed

Evidence Standards

What constitutes sufficient evidence for different conclusion types:

Account Linkage:

• Single signal (e.g., one matching URL): low confidence, flag for review
• Two independent signals (e.g., content + timing): moderate confidence, actionable
• Three or more signals across different categories: high confidence, reportable

Coordination:

• Temporal clustering of identical content: strong indicator
• Shared infrastructure + content similarity: very strong indicator
• Absence of other explanations (no public copying of same content): increases confidence
• Multiple accounts flagged is_bot_like sharing the same anomalous domain: very strong indicator
• Accounts with near-identical entropy profiles (similar hourly_entropy_norm and interval_entropy_norm values): moderate indicator
• Multiple accounts in the same URL co-sharing cluster: strong indicator (density-based dismantling + Leiden CPM has already identified them as coordinated)
• Multiple accounts in the same quote co-sharing cluster: strong indicator of coordinated pile-on or amplification
• Accounts appearing in both URL and quote co-sharing clusters: very strong indicator — coordination across multiple vectors
• Co-sharing cluster with tight temporal_spread_hours and regular mean_posting_interval_seconds: very strong indicator
• Bot-like accounts appearing in co-sharing clusters: very high-confidence coordination signal
• Accounts sharing Ozone tags from prior reviews: confirms a previously identified network
• Quote overdispersion on network-authored posts: confirms the network is successfully amplifying its own content

Individual Policy Violation (no coordination required):

• Sustained rule hits on the same policy area over 2+ weeks: moderate confidence, actionable
• Post-label recidivism (continues violating after prior moderation): high confidence, actionable
• 3+ distinct posts violating the same policy, with rule hit evidence: high confidence, label
• Targeted behaviour directed at specific users/groups across multiple posts: high confidence, label and escalate
• Single post violation with no prior history: low confidence — handle via queue triage (skywatch-working-the-queue), not the investigation pathway

Rule Coverage:

• 80%+ of problematic accounts hit at least one rule: adequate coverage
• 50-80%: moderate coverage, gaps present
• <50%: poor coverage, new rules or tuning needed

Directory Conventions

Store investigation artefacts in a predictable structure:

investigations/
├── YYYY-MM-DD-{case-name}/
│   ├── report.md                    # Main report (from skywatch-reporting-results skill)
│   ├── accounts.csv                 # Account list with metadata
│   ├── rule-hits.csv                # Rule trigger data
│   ├── timeline.txt                 # Activity timeline
│   └── queries/
│       ├── discovery.sql            # Discovery phase queries
│       ├── characterization.sql     # Phase 2 queries
│       └── ...

File naming: Use ISO date format (YYYY-MM-DD) with brief case identifier. Keep query SQL in version control for reproducibility.

Escalation Criteria

When to escalate findings vs. continuing investigation:

Escalate Immediately:

• Evidence of targeted harassment or abuse (coordinated or individual)
• Child safety concerns
• Coordinated deception at scale (100+ accounts)
• External platform involvement (cross-platform spam/coordination)
• Individual account with severe, sustained policy violations (e.g., persistent hate speech, targeted abuse campaigns) — severity determines escalation priority, not whether the behaviour is coordinated

Escalate After Phase 5:

• Network with significant reach and demonstrated harm
• Evasion of current rules at scale
• Recommended rule changes or new detection needed

Label Without Escalation:

• Individual account with moderate, sustained policy violations — apply the appropriate label via Phase 6 without requiring escalation
• Account classified as policy_violator with high confidence via skywatch-assess-account

Continue Investigating Internally:

• Isolated pattern with low impact
• Suspected coordination but insufficient evidence (continue through Phase 3)

Integration with Related Skills

• skywatch-accessing-osprey — For Osprey system architecture and ClickHouse schema reference
• skywatch-querying-clickhouse — For detailed ClickHouse query construction and optimization
• skywatch-querying-ozone — For Ozone MCP tool patterns, filter combinations, and pagination
• skywatch-assess-account — For structured single-account assessment (used within Phase 2)
• skywatch-classify-cluster — For narrative classification of co-sharing clusters (used within Phase 3/4)
• skywatch-reporting-results — For formatting the Phase 6 report output