Nostr Security

Nostr Security

Threat model

Nostr private keys (nsec) are stored in plaintext in localStorage. Any JavaScript running on the origin can read them with localStorage.getItem('nostr-login'). A successful XSS = instant, silent, irreversible key theft — no rotation, no revocation, permanent impersonation across every Nostr client the user ever touches. External signers (NIP-07 extension, NIP-46 bunker) don't change this: an XSS can still ask the active signer to sign arbitrary events, drain funds via zaps, or scrape DMs as they decrypt.

Treat every piece of untrusted data as a script-injection vector — event tags, content, metadata, URL params, relay responses.

Defense-in-depth

Content Security Policy. index.html ships a restrictive CSP: default-src 'none', script-src 'self' (no inline scripts, no eval), base-uri 'self', connect-src 'self' https: wss:. The one intentional gap is style-src 'unsafe-inline' — required by Tailwind/shadcn — which means CSS injection is not blocked by CSP; sanitization is on you. When modifying CSP, only narrow it. Never add 'unsafe-eval', 'unsafe-inline' on script-src, http:, or wildcard sources.

Never use dangerouslySetInnerHTML, innerHTML, insertAdjacentHTML, or document.write with event data, URL params, or any other untrusted string. React's JSX auto-escapes interpolated strings — the moment you bypass that, CSP alone won't save you. If you must render HTML from event data, pipe it through a strict allowlist sanitizer (DOMPurify, already installed) at the parse layer.

Sanitize URLs and CSS values — see §1 and §2.

1. URL sanitization

Any URL from event tags, content, metadata fields (picture, banner, website, nip05, etc.), or relay hints is untrusted. Threats beyond javascript: XSS: data: resource exhaustion / phishing, http:// IP leaks, relative paths triggering same-origin requests, malformed strings crashing downstream parsers.

Use the shipped helper at src/lib/sanitizeUrl.ts:

import { sanitizeUrl } from '@/lib/sanitizeUrl';

// Single URL — returns the normalised href, or undefined if not valid https
const url = sanitizeUrl(getTag(event.tags, 'url'));
if (url) {
  // safe to use in any context
}

// Array of URLs — filter out invalid entries
const links = getAllTags(event.tags, 'r')
  .map(([, v]) => sanitizeUrl(v))
  .filter((v): v is string => !!v);

sanitizeUrl returns the normalised href string only when the URL parses successfully and uses the https: protocol. All other inputs (malformed URLs, javascript:, data:, http:, relative paths, etc.) return undefined.

Sanitize at the parse layer. When writing a parser function that extracts URLs from event tags (e.g. parseThemeDefinition, parseBadgeDefinition), apply sanitizeUrl() before returning the parsed data. This way every downstream consumer is automatically protected without needing to remember to sanitize at each usage site.

When sanitization is NOT required: URLs matched by a regex that constrains the protocol (e.g. NoteContent's tokenizer matching https?://... — the regex is the sanitizer), hardcoded/app-generated URLs (relay configs, internal routes), and strings rendered as plain text that never land in an attribute, CSS value, or network request.

2. CSS injection

Event data interpolated into CSS (a <style> element, style="", or an injected stylesheet) is a CSS injection vector. A ", ), }, or ; in the value can break out of the string context and inject rules — overlay phishing, hide UI, exfiltrate via background-image: url() requests.

Common surfaces: background-image: url("${url}"), font-family: "${family}", @font-face { src: url("${url}") }.

Mitigation:

• URLs in url() — use sanitizeUrl(). The URL constructor percent-encodes ", ), \ and rejects non-https:. This is already done for theme event background and font URLs in src/lib/themeEvent.ts.
• Non-URL strings (font-family, animation names) — use sanitizeCssString() from src/lib/fontLoader.ts, which allowlists Unicode letters/numbers, spaces, hyphens, underscores, apostrophes, and periods:

import { sanitizeUrl } from '@/lib/sanitizeUrl';
import { sanitizeCssString } from '@/lib/fontLoader';

// ❌ UNSAFE
style.textContent = `body { background-image: url("${rawUrl}"); font-family: "${rawFamily}"; }`;

// ✅ SAFE — validate URLs, allowlist identifiers
const bgUrl = sanitizeUrl(rawUrl);
const family = sanitizeCssString(rawFamily ?? '');
if (bgUrl && family) {
  style.textContent = `body { background-image: url("${bgUrl}"); font-family: "${family}"; }`;
}

If you can't justify the exact characters you're allowing, the policy is wrong.

3. Author filtering for trust-sensitive queries

Even with perfect XSS defenses, an attacker can publish forged events your UI will trust unless queries constrain authors. Relays are dumb pipes — any matching event comes back.

Filter by authors when:

• Querying admin/moderator/owner events — use a hardcoded trusted-pubkey list (e.g. ADMIN_PUBKEYS from src/lib/admins).
• Querying addressable events (kinds 30000–39999) — the d tag alone is not a trust boundary; the (kind, pubkey, d) triple is.
• Querying user-owned replaceable events (profile metadata, relay lists, mute lists) — authors: [userPubkey].

Do NOT filter by authors for public UGC (kind 1 notes, reactions, zaps, discovery feeds) — anyone can post there by design.

// ❌ Anyone can publish kind 30078 with this d-tag and self-appoint
nostr.query([{ kinds: [30078], '#d': ['pathos-organizers'], limit: 1 }]);

// ✅ Only trust the admin list
nostr.query([{ kinds: [30078], authors: ADMIN_PUBKEYS, '#d': ['pathos-organizers'], limit: 1 }]);

Routes for addressable/replaceable events must include the author — otherwise the route handler can't construct a secure filter:

// ❌ Any pubkey can squat the slug
<Route path="/article/:slug" element={<Article />} />
// ✅ Filter can include authors
<Route path="/article/:npub/:slug" element={<Article />} />

NIP-72 community moderation

Kind 4550 approvals are only trustworthy if signed by a moderator from the community definition (kind 34550). Two-step query:

// 1. Fetch community definition — author-filter by the owner.
const [community] = await nostr.query([{
  kinds: [34550], authors: [communityOwnerPubkey], '#d': [communityId], limit: 1,
}]);
if (!community) return [];

// 2. Extract moderator pubkeys from `p` tags with role "moderator".
const moderators = community.tags
  .filter(([n, , , role]) => n === 'p' && role === 'moderator')
  .map(([, pubkey]) => pubkey);

// 3. Query approvals — only from moderators.
const approvals = await nostr.query([{
  kinds: [4550],
  authors: moderators,
  '#a': [`34550:${communityOwnerPubkey}:${communityId}`],
  limit: 100,
}]);

Without step 3's authors filter, anyone can publish a kind 4550 "approval".

Pre-merge checklist

• No dangerouslySetInnerHTML / innerHTML / document.write with untrusted data.
• CSP unchanged or narrowed; no new 'unsafe-eval', 'unsafe-inline' on script-src, http:, or wildcards.
• Every event-sourced URL passes sanitizeUrl() before reaching href, src, srcSet, poster, iframe src, or CSS.
• Every event-sourced string in CSS passes sanitizeUrl() (URLs) or sanitizeCssString() (identifiers).
• Every trust-sensitive query includes authors.
• Routes for addressable/replaceable events carry the author in the URL.