Better Stimulus

Better Stimulus

Apply opinionated best practices from betterstimulus.com when writing or refactoring Stimulus controllers. These patterns emphasize code reusability, proper separation of concerns, and SOLID design principles.

When to Use This Skill

Invoke this skill when:

• Writing new Stimulus controllers
• Refactoring existing Stimulus code
• Reviewing Stimulus controller architecture
• Debugging inter-controller communication
• Integrating third-party JavaScript libraries
• Implementing form submission logic
• Managing controller state
• Setting up Turbo integration

Core Principles

1. Make Controllers Configurable

Externalize hardcoded values into data attributes rather than embedding them in controller logic.

Bad:

toggle() {
  this.element.classList.toggle("active")
}

Good:

static classes = ["active"]
toggle() {
  this.element.classList.toggle(this.activeClass)
}

<div data-controller="toggle" data-toggle-active-class="active"></div>

2. Use Values API for State

Store controller state in Stimulus values, not instance properties, to leverage reactivity and DOM persistence.

Bad:

connect() {
  this.count = 0
}

Good:

static values = { count: Number }
countValueChanged(count) {
  this.updateDisplay()
}

3. Keep Controllers Focused (Single Responsibility)

Each controller should have one reason to change. Split controllers that mix concerns.

Ask: "What would cause this controller to change?" If multiple unrelated reasons, split it.

4. Don't Overuse connect()

Use connect() for:

• Instantiating third-party plugins (Swiper, Chart.js, etc.)
• Feature detection/browser capabilities

Don't use connect() for:

• Setting up state (use Values API)
• Adding event listeners (use data-action)

5. Register Events Declaratively

Use data-action attributes instead of addEventListener() to let Stimulus manage lifecycle.

Bad:

connect() {
  document.addEventListener("click", this.handler.bind(this))
}

Good:

<div data-action="click@document->controller#handler"></div>

Key Patterns

Architecture

• Configurable Controllers: Inject dependencies via data attributes
• Application Controller: Base class for shared functionality
• Mixins: Share behavior via "acts as" relationships
• Targetless Controllers: Separate element vs. target manipulation
• Namespaced Attributes: Handle arbitrary parameter sets

See: references/architecture.md

State Management

• Use Values API for nearly all state
• Leverage change callbacks ([name]ValueChanged)
• Keep values serializable
• Provide sensible defaults

See: references/state-management.md

Lifecycle

• Use connect() for third-party library initialization
• Pair connect() with disconnect() for cleanup
• Avoid overloading connect() with state setup
• Implement teardown() for Turbo-specific cleanup

See: references/lifecycle.md

Controller Communication

Three approaches:

1. Custom Events: Loose coupling, broadcast pattern
2. Outlets: Direct controller references, structured layouts
3. Callbacks: Request state from other controllers

Choose based on relationship:

• Unknown receivers → Custom events
• Known hierarchy → Outlets
• Data sharing → Callbacks

See: references/events-and-interaction.md

SOLID Principles

• Single Responsibility: One reason to change
• Open-Closed: Extend via inheritance, not modification
• Dependency Inversion: Depend on abstractions, inject via config

See: references/solid-principles.md

DOM & Turbo

• Use <template> to restore DOM state
• Use requestSubmit() not submit() for forms
• Implement global teardown for Turbo caching
• Handle Turbo events declaratively

See: references/dom-and-turbo.md

Error Handling

• Create ApplicationController with handleError() method
• Integrate with error tracking (Sentry, Honeybadger)
• Provide user-friendly messages
• Use try-catch for async operations

See: references/error-handling.md

Quick Reference

Value Types

static values = {
  url: String,
  count: Number,
  enabled: Boolean,
  items: Array,
  config: Object
}

Event Actions

<!-- Element events -->
<div data-action="click->controller#method">

<!-- Global events -->
<div data-action="resize@window->controller#layout">
<div data-action="keydown@document->controller#handleKey">

<!-- Multiple actions -->
<div data-action="click->ctrl1#method1 click->ctrl2#method2">

Custom Events

// Dispatch
const event = new CustomEvent('name:action', {
  bubbles: true,
  detail: { key: 'value' }
})
this.element.dispatchEvent(event)

// Listen
data-action="name:action->controller#handler"

Outlets

<div data-controller="parent"
     data-parent-child-outlet=".child">
  <div class="child" data-controller="child"></div>
</div>

static outlets = ['child']
this.childOutlets.forEach(outlet => outlet.method())

Lifecycle Hooks

connect()           // Element connected to DOM
disconnect()        // Element removed from DOM
[name]TargetConnected(element)      // Target added
[name]TargetDisconnected(element)   // Target removed
[name]ValueChanged(value, oldValue) // Value changed
[name]OutletConnected(outlet)       // Outlet connected
[name]OutletDisconnected(outlet)    // Outlet disconnected

Implementation Workflow

When writing a new controller:

1. Identify responsibility - What single purpose does this serve?
2. Choose state approach - Use Values API unless non-serializable
3. Declare static properties - values, targets, classes, outlets
4. Implement change callbacks - React to value changes
5. Keep connect() minimal - Only for third-party setup
6. Use declarative actions - Avoid addEventListener
7. Handle errors gracefully - Wrap risky operations in try-catch
8. Test lifecycle - Verify connect/disconnect behavior

When refactoring:

1. Check Single Responsibility - Split if multiple concerns
2. Extract configuration - Move hardcoded values to data attributes
3. Convert to Values API - Replace instance properties with values
4. Simplify connect() - Move state and listeners out
5. Use inheritance/mixins - Share common behavior properly
6. Decouple controllers - Use events/outlets for communication
7. Add error handling - Implement handleError from ApplicationController

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• ❌ Hardcoding CSS classes, selectors, or IDs in controllers
• ❌ Using instance properties for state instead of values
• ❌ Overloading connect() with state setup and event listeners
• ❌ Creating "page controllers" that handle multiple concerns
• ❌ Using addEventListener() without proper cleanup
• ❌ Calling .bind() separately in connect and disconnect
• ❌ Using submit() instead of requestSubmit()
• ❌ Modifying base classes instead of extending them
• ❌ Tight coupling between controllers
• ❌ Swallowing errors without logging or reporting

Resources

All patterns in this skill come from betterstimulus.com, an opinionated collection of StimulusJS best practices.

For detailed explanations and examples, see:

• references/architecture.md - Controller design patterns
• references/state-management.md - Values API usage
• references/lifecycle.md - Lifecycle best practices
• references/events-and-interaction.md - Communication patterns
• references/solid-principles.md - SOLID design principles
• references/dom-and-turbo.md - DOM manipulation and Turbo
• references/error-handling.md - Error management