Macos Codesign

macOS Self-Signed Code Signing Certificate

Create and manage a self-signed code signing certificate for macOS app development, so that system permissions survive across rebuilds without requiring the user to re-grant them every time.

Why This Exists

macOS TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) grants permissions like Screen Recording and Microphone based on the app's bundle ID + code signature. With ad-hoc signing (CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY="-"), every rebuild produces a different signature hash, so macOS treats it as a new app and revokes permissions. This forces the user to re-grant permissions after every build — a painful experience during iterative development.

The fix: Create a self-signed certificate and use it consistently. Same bundle ID + same certificate = same app identity to TCC. Permissions persist across rebuilds. The user grants Screen Recording / Microphone / Accessibility once, and it works forever.

Setup (One-Time)

Step 1: Create the Certificate

Run this early in the project — during initial setup or when the first permission-dependent feature is implemented.

# Choose a certificate name (use your project name)
CERT_NAME="MyApp Dev"

# Check if it already exists
if security find-identity -v -p codesigning 2>/dev/null | grep -q "$CERT_NAME"; then
  echo "Certificate '$CERT_NAME' already exists."
else
  echo "Creating self-signed code signing certificate '$CERT_NAME'..."

  # Generate OpenSSL config for code signing
  cat > /tmp/cert.cfg <<CERT_EOF
[ req ]
distinguished_name = req_dn
[ req_dn ]
CN = $CERT_NAME
[ extensions ]
keyUsage = digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = codeSigning
CERT_EOF

  # Generate self-signed cert (valid for 10 years)
  openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 \
    -keyout /tmp/dev.key -out /tmp/dev.crt \
    -days 3650 -nodes \
    -config /tmp/cert.cfg -extensions extensions \
    -subj "/CN=$CERT_NAME" 2>/dev/null

  # Import into login keychain with codesign trust
  security import /tmp/dev.crt -k ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db -T /usr/bin/codesign 2>/dev/null
  security import /tmp/dev.key -k ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db -T /usr/bin/codesign 2>/dev/null

  # Trust the certificate for code signing
  security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db /tmp/dev.crt 2>/dev/null

  # Clean up temp files
  rm -f /tmp/cert.cfg /tmp/dev.key /tmp/dev.crt

  echo "Certificate '$CERT_NAME' created and trusted."
fi

# Verify
security find-identity -v -p codesigning | grep "$CERT_NAME"

The user may see a Keychain Access dialog to confirm — this is the one-time approval.

Step 2: Configure the Project

XcodeGen (project.yml):

settings:
  base:
    CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY: "MyApp Dev"   # Must match CERT_NAME above
    CODE_SIGNING_ALLOWED: "YES"
    CODE_SIGN_STYLE: "Manual"
    ENABLE_HARDENED_RUNTIME: "NO"     # MUST be NO for dev builds — hardened runtime
                                      # blocks self-signed certs from loading test bundles
                                      # and causes "bundle format unrecognized" codesign errors

CRITICAL — UI test target (bundle.ui-testing) requires extra settings:

UI test targets must NOT have BUNDLE_LOADER or TEST_HOST (those are for unit tests only). XcodeGen auto-adds them when it sees a dependency on an app target. Override them to empty:

  MyAppUITests:
    type: bundle.ui-testing
    dependencies:
      - target: MyApp
    settings:
      base:
        BUNDLE_LOADER: ""              # MUST be empty — UI tests run in a separate runner process
        TEST_HOST: ""                  # MUST be empty — not injected into the app
        CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY: "MyApp Dev"
        CODE_SIGNING_ALLOWED: "YES"
        CODE_SIGN_STYLE: "Manual"

Without these overrides:

• BUNDLE_LOADER causes Xcode to embed PercevTests.xctest inside MyApp.app/Contents/PlugIns/
• codesign then fails with "bundle format unrecognized, invalid, or unsuitable" on the embedded .xctest
• UI tests never run because the build itself fails

NEVER edit Xcode project settings manually. Always update project.yml and run xcodegen generate. The .xcodeproj is a generated artifact — manual edits are overwritten on the next generate.

After updating project.yml, regenerate:

xcodegen generate

Step 3: First Run — Grant Permissions Once

After building with the new certificate, launch the app and grant permissions:

# Build
xcodebuild build -scheme MyApp -destination 'platform=macOS' -quiet

# Launch (adjust scheme name)
open "$(xcodebuild -scheme MyApp -showBuildSettings 2>/dev/null | \
  grep ' BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR' | xargs | cut -d= -f2)/MyApp.app"

Go to System Settings > Privacy & Security and grant the needed permissions (Screen Recording, Microphone, Accessibility, etc.). This is the last time you'll need to do it.

Integrating Into init.sh

If your project has an init.sh setup script, add the certificate check before the build step:

# Ensure self-signed certificate exists for persistent TCC permissions
CERT_NAME="MyApp Dev"  # Change to match your project
if ! security find-identity -v -p codesigning 2>/dev/null | grep -q "$CERT_NAME"; then
  echo "Creating self-signed code signing certificate '$CERT_NAME'..."
  echo "You may be prompted to allow Keychain access — this is a ONE-TIME setup."

  cat > /tmp/cert.cfg <<CERT_EOF
[ req ]
distinguished_name = req_dn
[ req_dn ]
CN = $CERT_NAME
[ extensions ]
keyUsage = digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = codeSigning
CERT_EOF

  openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /tmp/dev.key -out /tmp/dev.crt \
    -days 3650 -nodes -config /tmp/cert.cfg -extensions extensions -subj "/CN=$CERT_NAME" 2>/dev/null
  security import /tmp/dev.crt -k ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db -T /usr/bin/codesign 2>/dev/null
  security import /tmp/dev.key -k ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db -T /usr/bin/codesign 2>/dev/null
  security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db /tmp/dev.crt 2>/dev/null
  rm -f /tmp/cert.cfg /tmp/dev.key /tmp/dev.crt

  echo "Certificate '$CERT_NAME' created. Update project.yml: CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY: \"$CERT_NAME\""
fi

Troubleshooting

Certificate not found after creation

# List all code signing identities
security find-identity -v -p codesigning

If empty, the import or trust step may have failed. Re-run the setup commands.

"bundle format unrecognized, invalid, or unsuitable" during codesign

This happens when a .xctest unit test bundle gets embedded inside the app's PlugIns/ directory.

• Cause: BUNDLE_LOADER/TEST_HOST set on a UI test target, or stale DerivedData
• Fix 1: Clear BUNDLE_LOADER and TEST_HOST on UI test targets (see Step 2 above)
• Fix 2: Clean DerivedData: rm -rf ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData/MyApp-*
• Fix 3: Set ENABLE_HARDENED_RUNTIME: "NO" — hardened runtime with self-signed certs causes codesign to reject embedded bundles

Permissions still revoked after rebuild

• Verify CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY in project.yml matches the certificate name exactly
• Check that CODE_SIGNING_ALLOWED is "YES" (not "NO") in project.yml
• Run xcodegen generate after any project.yml change
• Confirm you're not accidentally overriding with - in a scheme or CI config

"User interaction is not allowed" during build

The keychain may be locked. Unlock it:

security unlock-keychain ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db

Removing the certificate

# Delete from keychain
security delete-identity -c "MyApp Dev"

Then revert project.yml to ad-hoc signing (CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY: "-") and run xcodegen generate.

Why This Matters for Automated Testing

Without a stable certificate:

• Every xcodebuild build invalidates TCC permissions
• XCUITests that trigger permission dialogs block indefinitely or fail
• The developer must manually re-grant permissions after every build
• CI/CD and autonomous agent workflows are impossible for permission-dependent features

With a stable certificate:

• Build > test > rebuild > test cycles work without interruption
• Automated agents can implement and verify permission-dependent features
• The developer only interacts once during initial setup