Cairo Quirks

Cairo Quirks

Overview

Cairo has Rust-like syntax but differs in important ways. This skill documents common gotchas and their workarounds.

Quick Use

• Read references/quirks.md for the full list.
• Most issues have simple workarounds once you know them.
• When stuck, check if the issue is on this list before debugging further.

Response Checklist

Operator Limitations

• No bit shift operators (>>, <<): Use division/multiplication by power-of-2 constants.
• Unary negation parsing: In some contexts, use 0_i32 - value instead of -value.

Array/Collection Issues

• No runtime array indexing: Can't do arr[i] with runtime i on [T; N]. Use .span().get(i).
• Span for iteration: Convert fixed-size arrays to Span before iteration with .span().

Array Initialization and Usage

CRITICAL: Cairo arrays are append-only queues, NOT random-access mutable arrays.

Initialization

// CORRECT ways to create arrays:
let arr: Array<u32> = array![];           // Empty array
let arr: Array<u32> = array![1, 2, 3];    // With initial values
let arr: Array<u32> = ArrayTrait::new();  // Alternative empty

// WRONG - these do NOT exist in Cairo:
let arr = ArrayDefault::default();  // NO
let arr = Array::new();             // NO
let arr = Vec::new();               // NO (Vec doesn't exist)

Array Operations

// Adding elements (append-only)
arr.append(value);        // Add to end
arr.append_span(span);    // Add multiple

// Reading elements
let val = *arr.at(index); // Get by index (returns snapshot, must dereference)
let len = arr.len();      // Get length

// Removing elements
let val = arr.pop_front(); // Remove from front, returns Option<T>

// WRONG - these do NOT exist:
arr.set(index, value);    // NO random access write
arr[index] = value;       // NO assignment by index
arr.push(value);          // NO (use append)
arr.pop();                // NO (use pop_front)

Common Pattern: "Updating" Array Values

Since Cairo arrays can't be modified in place, use these patterns:

// Pattern 1: Rebuild array (simple but O(n))
let mut new_arr: Array<u32> = array![];
let mut i: u32 = 0;
while i < arr.len() {
    if i == target_index {
        new_arr.append(new_value);
    } else {
        new_arr.append(*arr.at(i));
    }
    i += 1;
};

// Pattern 2: Pop and append (for queue-like usage)
let _discarded = arr.pop_front().unwrap();
arr.append(new_value);

Scope and Declarations

• No use in functions: Import statements must be at module level, not inside functions.
• No variables named type: Reserved keyword, even in lowercase.

Trait and Method Issues

• Ambiguous unwrap: When compiler says "ambiguous", use OptionTrait::unwrap(x) explicitly.
• PartialEq takes snapshots: fn eq(lhs: @Self, rhs: @Self) - use * to dereference.
• Trait methods need import: Bring trait into scope to call its methods.

Numeric Types

• No implicit conversions: Use .into() or .try_into().unwrap() explicitly.
• i32 for comparisons: Return i32 from comparison functions, not bool.
• felt252 is not an integer: Different semantics, be careful with arithmetic.

String Literals (CRITICAL)

• Short strings max 31 characters: felt252 can only hold 31 ASCII chars. Longer strings cause compilation error.
• Error messages must be short: assert(cond, 'max 31 chars here') - use abbreviations if needed.
• Common error: The value does not fit within the range of type core::felt252 means your string is too long.
• Workaround: Use short codes like 'err: duplicate' instead of 'Beneficiary already has schedule'.

Testing

• Assert messages must be literals: assert!(x, "msg") not assert!(x, variable).
• Tests need #[test] attribute: Don't forget the attribute above test functions.
• DO NOT use #[available_gas(n)]: This is deprecated. Remove it entirely; snforge handles gas automatically.

Memory and Ownership (CRITICAL)

• Snapshot field access: When self: @T, all fields become @Field. Use *self.field to dereference.
• Common error: Expected u32, found @u32 means you need to dereference with *.
• Pattern: if row >= *self.rows not if row >= self.rows.

Example Requests

• "Why does my bit shift not compile in Cairo?"
• "Why can't I index my array with a variable?"
• "Why is unwrap ambiguous?"

Cairo by Example

• Operators
• Arrays
• Traits