GCP Waf Security

GCP Well-Architected Framework — Security

Overview

Security is layered: identity, network, data, supply chain, runtime, and ops. The Google Cloud Well-Architected Framework's Security pillar gives you the principles and the product map. This skill applies it to evaluate workloads and recommend concrete controls — not generic advice.

Instructions

Core Principles

Identity & Access (Zero Trust Foundation)

# Disable default networks at org level (Org Policy)
gcloud resource-manager org-policies enable-enforce \
  compute.skipDefaultNetworkCreation \
  --organization=ORG_ID

# Restrict service account key creation
gcloud resource-manager org-policies enable-enforce \
  iam.disableServiceAccountKeyCreation --organization=ORG_ID

# Restrict resources to approved regions
gcloud resource-manager org-policies set-policy policy.yaml --organization=ORG_ID

# policy.yaml — only allow EU regions
constraint: constraints/gcp.resourceLocations
listPolicy:
  allowedValues:
    - in:eu-locations

# Identity-Aware Proxy for internal apps (no VPN needed)
gcloud iap web add-iam-policy-binding \
  --resource-type=backend-services --service=internal-app \
  --member="group:eng-team@example.com" \
  --role="roles/iap.httpsResourceAccessor"

Network Security

# Hierarchical firewall policies — applied at folder/org, can't be overridden by projects
gcloud compute firewall-policies create global-deny-all \
  --organization=ORG_ID --short-name="org-baseline"

gcloud compute firewall-policies rules create 1000 \
  --firewall-policy=global-deny-all \
  --action=DENY --direction=EGRESS \
  --layer4-configs=tcp,udp \
  --dest-ip-ranges=0.0.0.0/0

# Cloud Armor — DDoS + WAF for HTTPS load balancers
gcloud compute security-policies create web-policy \
  --description="OWASP rules + rate limiting"

gcloud compute security-policies rules create 1000 \
  --security-policy=web-policy \
  --expression="evaluatePreconfiguredExpr('sqli-v33-stable')" \
  --action=deny-403

gcloud compute security-policies rules create 2000 \
  --security-policy=web-policy \
  --expression="true" \
  --action=rate-based-ban \
  --rate-limit-threshold-count=100 \
  --rate-limit-threshold-interval-sec=60 \
  --ban-duration-sec=600 \
  --conform-action=allow \
  --enforce-on-key=IP

# VPC Service Controls — perimeter around sensitive APIs (BigQuery, GCS, etc.)
gcloud access-context-manager perimeters create prod-perimeter \
  --title="Prod data perimeter" \
  --resources=projects/PROJECT_NUMBER \
  --restricted-services=bigquery.googleapis.com,storage.googleapis.com \
  --policy=POLICY_NUMBER

VPC Service Controls is the right answer when you need data-exfiltration protection — it prevents service accounts inside the perimeter from sending data to projects outside it, even with valid credentials.

Shift-Left: Supply Chain Security

# cloudbuild.yaml — scan, sign, then deploy
steps:
  - name: gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker
    args: ['build', '-t', '${_IMAGE}:${SHORT_SHA}', '.']

  - name: gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk
    entrypoint: gcloud
    args: ['artifacts', 'docker', 'images', 'scan', '${_IMAGE}:${SHORT_SHA}',
           '--remote', '--format=value(response.scan)']

  - name: gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk
    entrypoint: bash
    args:
      - -c
      - |
        VULNS=$(gcloud artifacts docker images list-vulnerabilities \
          ${_IMAGE}:${SHORT_SHA} --filter="severity=CRITICAL" --format="value(name)")
        if [ -n "$VULNS" ]; then
          echo "Critical vulnerabilities found"; exit 1
        fi

  - name: gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk
    entrypoint: gcloud
    args: ['artifacts', 'docker', 'images', 'sign', '${_IMAGE}:${SHORT_SHA}',
           '--key=projects/PROJECT/locations/global/keyRings/binauthz/cryptoKeys/build-signer/cryptoKeyVersions/1']

images: ['${_IMAGE}:${SHORT_SHA}']

# Binary Authorization policy — only signed, scanned images deploy
defaultAdmissionRule:
  evaluationMode: REQUIRE_ATTESTATION
  enforcementMode: ENFORCED_BLOCK_AND_AUDIT_LOG
  requireAttestationsBy:
    - projects/PROJECT/attestors/build-attestor
    - projects/PROJECT/attestors/security-attestor
clusterAdmissionRules:
  us-central1.prod-cluster:
    evaluationMode: REQUIRE_ATTESTATION
    enforcementMode: ENFORCED_BLOCK_AND_AUDIT_LOG
    requireAttestationsBy:
      - projects/PROJECT/attestors/build-attestor
      - projects/PROJECT/attestors/security-attestor

Data Protection

# Customer-managed encryption keys (CMEK) — you own the key, Google holds the cipher
gcloud kms keyrings create prod --location=us-central1
gcloud kms keys create db-key --keyring=prod --location=us-central1 --purpose=encryption

# Use CMEK on a Cloud SQL instance
gcloud sql instances create orders \
  --database-version=POSTGRES_15 \
  --tier=db-custom-2-7680 --region=us-central1 \
  --disk-encryption-key=projects/my-project/locations/us-central1/keyRings/prod/cryptoKeys/db-key

# Sensitive Data Protection — find and redact PII in BigQuery
gcloud dlp jobs create \
  --inspect-job-from-file=inspect-pii.json

{
  "inspectJob": {
    "storageConfig": {
      "bigQueryOptions": {
        "tableReference": {
          "projectId": "my-project",
          "datasetId": "raw",
          "tableId": "events"
        }
      }
    },
    "inspectConfig": {
      "infoTypes": [
        {"name": "EMAIL_ADDRESS"}, {"name": "CREDIT_CARD_NUMBER"},
        {"name": "US_SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER"}, {"name": "PHONE_NUMBER"}
      ],
      "minLikelihood": "LIKELY"
    },
    "actions": [
      { "saveFindings": { "outputConfig": { "table": {
        "projectId": "my-project", "datasetId": "dlp", "tableId": "findings"
      }}}}
    ]
  }
}

Security Command Center & SecOps

# Enable Security Command Center Premium / Enterprise (org-level)
gcloud scc settings update --organization=ORG_ID --service=security-command-center

# Subscribe a Pub/Sub topic to high-severity findings for automated response
gcloud scc notifications create high-severity-findings \
  --organization=ORG_ID \
  --description="Critical and high findings" \
  --pubsub-topic=projects/my-project/topics/scc-findings \
  --filter='severity="HIGH" OR severity="CRITICAL"'

Wire the Pub/Sub topic to a Cloud Function that auto-remediates well-known issues (e.g., disable a public bucket, revoke an over-broad IAM grant) and pages on-call for the rest.

Validation Checklist

Security by design

• Defense-in-depth at network, host, and application layers
• Threat model exists and is reviewed for major changes
• Risk assessment uses an industry framework (NIST CSF, CIS)

Zero trust

• Default networks disabled at org level
• All apps front-ended by IAP or equivalent (no public admin endpoints)
• VPC Service Controls perimeters around sensitive data services
• Service-to-service auth via OIDC tokens; no shared secrets

Shift-left

• All infra in IaC (Terraform); no console clicks for prod
• CI/CD includes vulnerability scan + signing
• Binary Authorization enforces signed-only deployment
• Dependency updates automated (Renovate / Dependabot)

Preemptive defense

• Security Command Center Premium/Enterprise enabled at org
• All audit logs centralized to a SIEM or BigQuery
• Automated response for known patterns (public buckets, over-broad IAM)
• Red-team / pen-test exercises run regularly

AI security

• AI training pipelines protected against data poisoning
• Differential privacy / data masking on training data where applicable
• Vertex Explainable AI used for governance

Examples

Example 1 — Hardening review for a Cloud Run service

User has a customer-facing API on Cloud Run. Walk through: front it with a global HTTPS LB + Cloud Armor (OWASP rules + rate limit), require IAP for the admin endpoints, attach a least-privilege service account (no broad Editor), encrypt the Cloud SQL backend with CMEK, route audit logs to BigQuery, and enroll the project under a VPC Service Controls perimeter that blocks egress of customer data to external projects.

Example 2 — Build a deploy-time policy that blocks unscanned images

User wants to enforce that only scanned-and-signed images deploy to GKE prod. Set up Artifact Analysis vulnerability scanning on the registry, add Cloud Build steps that scan + fail on critical, sign with a KMS key on success, and configure Binary Authorization with REQUIRE_ATTESTATION on the prod cluster. Test by attempting to deploy an unsigned image — should be blocked with an audit log entry.

Guidelines

• Default networks off at org level — they're a liability, not a feature
• Disable service account key creation — use Workload Identity / impersonation
• Restrict regions via Org Policy if you have data-residency obligations
• IAP everywhere for internal apps; never expose admin UIs to the public internet
• VPC Service Controls when you genuinely have data-exfil concerns; expect a learning curve
• Cloud Armor on every public-facing load balancer — preconfigured WAF rules cost nothing extra
• Binary Authorization is the only way to actually enforce "signed images only" at runtime
• CMEK when keys must be in your control; default Google-managed encryption is otherwise fine
• Sensitive Data Protection for PII discovery in BigQuery / GCS — automate, don't audit manually
• Security Command Center Premium/Enterprise is non-negotiable at scale; the free tier is too limited
• For AI workloads, follow Google's SAIF (Secure AI Framework) — it's the only published practical guidance