Vyakarana

Vyakarana (Sanskrit Grammar)

Analyze and explain Sanskrit grammatical constructions following the Paninian tradition.

Provenance & Accuracy

• Narrate: Explain if you are using a local script (sandhi.py), a web lookup (Ashtadhyayi.com), or your own inference.
• Verify: Check derived rules against references/sandhi.md or web sources. If a Sutra is not verified, describe the rule phonetically (e.g., "Guṇa: a + i = e") without inventing a Sutra number.
• Label: Clearly mark inferred derivations or simplified analogies (e.g., "This is a simplified explanation...").

Analysis Workflow

When analyzing a word or explaining grammar:

1. Identify the Word Type

• Subanta (nominal): Ends in a case suffix (सुप्)
• Tiganta (verbal): Ends in a verbal suffix (तिङ्)
• Avyaya (indeclinable): No inflection

2. For Subanta (Nominals)

प्रकृति (stem) + प्रत्यय (suffix) = पद (word)

Identify:

• Pratipadika (nominal stem)
• Linga (gender): पुंल्लिङ्ग, स्त्रीलिङ्ग, नपुंसकलिङ्ग
• Vacana (number): एकवचन, द्विवचन, बहुवचन
• Vibhakti (case): प्रथमा through सप्तमी + सम्बोधन

3. For Tiganta (Verbals)

धातु (root) + विकरण (class marker) + तिङ् प्रत्यय (personal ending)

Identify:

• Dhatu (root) with gana (class 1-10)
• Lakara (tense/mood): लट्, लिट्, लुट्, etc.
• Pada (voice): परस्मैपद, आत्मनेपद, उभयपद
• Purusha (person): प्रथम, मध्यम, उत्तम
• Vacana (number)

4. For Samasa (Compounds)

Break down showing:

• Component words (पूर्वपद, उत्तरपद)
• Compound type (see references/samasa.md)
• Vigrahavakya (dissolution)

5. Apply Sandhi Rules

When forms combine, identify:

• Type of sandhi (स्वर, व्यञ्जन, विसर्ग)
• Rule applied
• Original forms

Quick Reference Tables

Vibhakti (Case) Meanings

Lakara (Tense/Mood) Overview

Scripts

Utility scripts in shared/scripts/. Libraries: indic-transliteration, sanskrit_parser, vidyut.

cd shared/scripts
uv sync

Usage

# Transliteration
uv run python transliterate.py "संस्कृतम्" devanagari iast  # → saṃskṛtam
uv run python transliterate.py "rāma" iast devanagari       # → राम

# Sandhi
uv run python sandhi.py --split "devālayaḥ"
uv run python sandhi.py --join "deva" "ālaya"  # → devālaya

# Prakriya (Derivation)
uv run python prakriya.py subanta rAma Pum Prathama Eka
uv run python prakriya.py tinanta gam 1 Kartari Prathama Eka Lat

# Dhatu lookup
uv run python dhatu.py bhū
uv run python dhatu.py --gana 1
uv run python dhatu.py --search "to go"

References

For detailed rules, see:

• references/sandhi.md - Euphonic combination rules
• references/samasa.md - Compound types with examples
• references/vibhakti.md - Declension paradigms
• references/dhatu.md - Common verbal roots by gana
• references/pratyaya.md - Krit and Taddhita suffixes
• references/lakara.md - Conjugation paradigms

Example Analysis

Word: गच्छति

Analysis:

धातु: √गम् (गतौ) - 1st gana (भ्वादि)
विकरण: शप् (→ अ)
लकार: लट् (वर्तमान)
पद: परस्मैपद
पुरुष: प्रथम
वचन: एकवचन

Formation: गम् + शप् + ति
           गम् + अ + ति
           गच्छ् + अ + ति  (गम् takes the present stem गच्छ्)
           = गच्छति

Word: राज्ञः

Analysis:

प्रातिपदिक: राजन् (m. king)
लिङ्ग: पुंल्लिङ्ग
वचन: एकवचन
विभक्ति: षष्ठी (genitive) OR पञ्चमी (ablative)

Formation: राजन् + अस् (षष्ठी/पञ्चमी एकवचन)
           राज् + ञ् + अस् (न् → ञ् before अस्)
           = राज्ञस् → राज्ञः (विसर्ग)

Compound: नीलोत्पलम्

Analysis:

समास: कर्मधारय (विशेषणपूर्वपद)
विग्रह: नीलम् उत्पलम् (a blue lotus)
पूर्वपद: नील (adj. blue)
उत्तरपद: उत्पल (n. lotus)
सन्धि: नील + उत्पल → नीलोत्पल (गुण सन्धि: अ + उ = ओ)

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