Lancet Study Design

Study Design & Registration (lancet-study-design)

When to trigger

• Planning or writing up a clinical trial or a major observational study.
• The trial registration number is missing, or registration timing is unclear.
• There is no protocol or no pre-specified statistical analysis plan (SAP).
• A reviewer is likely to ask "was the primary endpoint pre-specified?" and there is no clear answer.

Mandatory: prospective trial registration

The Lancet follows ICMJE: clinical trials must be registered prospectively — before the first participant is enrolled — in a WHO-ICTRP primary registry or ClinicalTrials.gov.

• Registered before enrollment of the first participant (retrospective registration is a serious, often fatal, problem — flag it immediately and disclose honestly).
• Registration number reported in the abstract and Methods (e.g., ClinicalTrials.gov NCTxxxxxxxx; ISRCTN; or a WHO-ICTRP primary registry).
• Registered outcomes match the reported primary/secondary outcomes; explain and flag any change.

The Lancet often handles large international / multi-country trials — confirm registration in each relevant jurisdiction and report the lead registry.

Protocol + statistical analysis plan (SAP)

• A protocol exists and (typically) is submitted with the manuscript; published-protocol citation if available.
• A pre-specified SAP defines the primary analysis, populations (ITT / per-protocol), handling of missing data, and pre-specified subgroups before unblinding.
• Any deviation from protocol/SAP is reported transparently with dates and rationale.

Trial design rigor (RCT)

• Randomization method (sequence generation) described.
• Allocation concealment mechanism described (separate from blinding).
• Blinding of participants, clinicians, outcome assessors, and analysts — or justification if open-label.
• Pre-specified primary endpoint, clinically meaningful, with a clear hierarchy of secondary endpoints.
• Sample size / power justified for the clinically meaningful effect, with assumptions stated.
• Intention-to-treat (ITT) as the primary analysis population.
• Trial design named (parallel, cluster, crossover, factorial, adaptive, non-inferiority/equivalence — state the margin).
• Independent data and safety monitoring committee (DSMC) and any interim/stopping rules described.

Observational design choices

• Design named (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional) and justified.
• Exposure/outcome definitions, eligibility, and follow-up specified a priori.
• Confounding strategy (matching, adjustment, propensity methods) pre-specified; causal language calibrated to the design.
• Registration/protocol encouraged for major observational studies (e.g., a pre-registered analysis plan).

What Lancet editors check on design and registration

Registration timing is the most consequential design fact The Lancet checks: following ICMJE, it will decline to consider a trial not registered prospectively, and an outcome switched from the registered one is an integrity concern. Desk-reject or major-revision triggers: retrospective registration left undisclosed; a switched primary outcome; no protocol or pre-specified SAP; concealment conflated with blinding; per-protocol presented as primary for a superiority trial. Confirm any current protocol-submission requirement against the journal's author guidelines.

Worked micro-example (illustrative numbers — not real data)

A hypothetical double-blind, multi-country superiority RCT.

Design lock (illustrative):
  Registry ISRCTN registered 2021-03 BEFORE first enrolment 2021-06 -> prospective, PASS
  Registered primary outcome = reported primary outcome -> no switch, PASS
  Randomisation 1:1 stratified by country; central web concealment; double-blind
  Power: ARR 6 pp, alpha 0.05, power 90% -> n=2 040 (1 020/arm), +8% attrition
  Primary population ITT; per-protocol pre-specified sensitivity; independent DSMC

The design passes: registration is prospective and dated, outcomes agree, concealment and blinding are separate, and the sample size is justified.

Reviewer-pushback patterns and the venue-specific fix

• "The trial was not registered prospectively." → Disclose exact registration and enrolment dates; if retrospective, flag it transparently — the editor may decline.
• "The primary outcome was switched." → Reconcile to the registered outcome or document the change with dates and rationale.
• "The study is underpowered / concealment is unclear." → Justify the sample size against the minimally important difference; describe sequence generation and concealment separately from blinding.

Output format

【Study type】 RCT (parallel/cluster/crossover/factorial/adaptive/NI) / observational (cohort/case-control/cross-sectional)
【Registration】 registry + number + prospective? (before first enrollment: yes/no) + in abstract? yes/no
【Protocol + SAP】 present? primary analysis & populations pre-specified? yes/no
【RCT rigor】 randomization / allocation concealment / blinding / primary endpoint / power / ITT  → gaps
【Observational rigor】 design / confounding strategy / causal language calibrated  → gaps
【Deviations from protocol/SAP】 [...] reported transparently? yes/no
【Next】 lancet-reporting

Anti-patterns

• Do not submit a trial that was registered after enrollment without flagging it — The Lancet/ICMJE may decline to consider it.
• Do not report a primary outcome that differs from the registered one without an explicit, dated explanation.
• Do not present a post-hoc analysis as if it were pre-specified.
• Do not rely on per-protocol as the primary analysis for a superiority trial — ITT leads.

Source: brycewang-stanford/Awesome-Journal-Skills → Lancet-Skills/skills/lancet-study-design/SKILL.md