Authentication Failures

Authentication Failures Security Check (A07:2025)

What this checks

Protects identity and session integrity. Weak password storage, flawed JWT handling, and sessions that survive logout let attackers impersonate users, escalate privileges, and persist after credential rotation.

Vulnerable patterns

• JWT verification call with a weak, short, or hardcoded signing secret
• JWT decode that disables signature verification or accepts the none algorithm
• Logout handler that does not invalidate the session or token server-side
• Login flow with no rate limiting or account lockout, allowing credential stuffing
• Password or API-key comparison using a non-constant-time equality operator

For password hashing issues (MD5/SHA), see cryptographic-failures. For hardcoded API keys/passwords in source, see hardcoded-secrets.

Fix immediately

Flag the vulnerable code and explain the risk. Then suggest a fix that establishes these properties:

1. Signing keys come from outside the source tree — environment variable, secret manager, or KMS. Enforce a minimum length or entropy check at load time so a misconfigured deploy fails loudly rather than silently using a tiny secret.
2. JWT verification pins the accepted algorithm(s) to an explicit allowlist that rejects none and rejects algorithm switching between symmetric and asymmetric families (the classic HS256-vs-RS256 public-key-as-HMAC attack). The check must be algorithm-specific, however the library expresses it.
3. Logout invalidates credentials server-side. Either delete a server session record, add the token to a revocation list, or rotate a per-user signing key. Short token expiry alone does not satisfy this — a stolen token works until it expires. The code must demonstrate an active revocation mechanism.
4. Password and API-key comparisons are constant-time — use the language's documented constant-time comparison primitive, never a plain equality operator.
5. Login has a rate limit or lockout. Credential stuffing is cheap; unbounded guess rates make every leaked password list a working brute-force dictionary.

Translate these principles to the audited file's language and framework. Use the documented authentication and crypto APIs for that stack; do not roll your own.

Verification

Confirm these properties hold (language-agnostic):

• JWT signing/verification keys are sourced from outside the source tree (environment variable, secret manager, KMS) AND the code enforces a minimum length/entropy check at load time — a comment asserting "must be ≥32 bytes" without a runtime check does not satisfy this
• JWT verification pins the accepted algorithm(s) to an explicit allowlist that rejects none and rejects algorithm switching between symmetric and asymmetric families — whether expressed as a algorithms=[...] parameter, a .withAlgorithm(...) builder call, a Validation::new(Algorithm::HS256) constructor, or equivalent
• A logout / session termination path exists that invalidates credentials server-side — either by deleting a server session record, adding the token to a revocation list (DB, Redis, in-memory set), or rotating a per-user signing key. Short token expiry alone does not satisfy this; the code must demonstrate an active revocation mechanism

References

• CWE-287 (Improper Authentication)
• CWE-307 (Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts)
• OWASP A07:2025 – Identification and Authentication Failures