Tsh Implementing Terraform Modules

Terraform Module Library

Production-ready Terraform module patterns for AWS, Azure, and GCP infrastructure.

Purpose

Create reusable, well-tested Terraform modules for common cloud infrastructure patterns across multiple cloud providers.

When to Use

• Build reusable infrastructure components
• Standardize cloud resource provisioning
• Implement infrastructure as code best practices
• Create multi-cloud compatible modules
• Establish organizational Terraform standards

Module Structure

terraform-modules/
├── aws/
│   ├── vpc/
│   ├── eks/
│   ├── rds/
│   └── s3/
├── azure/
│   ├── vnet/
│   ├── aks/
│   └── storage/
└── gcp/
    ├── vpc/
    ├── gke/
    └── cloud-sql/

Standard Module Pattern

module-name/
├── main.tf          # Main resources
├── variables.tf     # Input variables
├── outputs.tf       # Output values
├── versions.tf      # Provider versions
├── README.md        # Documentation
├── examples/        # Usage examples
│   └── complete/
│       ├── main.tf
│       └── variables.tf
└── tests/           # Terratest files
    └── module_test.go

AWS VPC Module Example

main.tf:

resource "aws_vpc" "main" {
  cidr_block           = var.cidr_block
  enable_dns_hostnames = var.enable_dns_hostnames
  enable_dns_support   = var.enable_dns_support

  tags = merge(
    {
      Name = var.name
    },
    var.tags
  )
}

resource "aws_subnet" "private" {
  count             = length(var.private_subnet_cidrs)
  vpc_id            = aws_vpc.main.id
  cidr_block        = var.private_subnet_cidrs[count.index]
  availability_zone = var.availability_zones[count.index]

  tags = merge(
    {
      Name = "${var.name}-private-${count.index + 1}"
      Tier = "private"
    },
    var.tags
  )
}

resource "aws_internet_gateway" "main" {
  count  = var.create_internet_gateway ? 1 : 0
  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id

  tags = merge(
    {
      Name = "${var.name}-igw"
    },
    var.tags
  )
}

variables.tf:

variable "name" {
  description = "Name of the VPC"
  type        = string
}

variable "cidr_block" {
  description = "CIDR block for VPC"
  type        = string
  validation {
    condition     = can(cidrnetmask(var.cidr_block))
    error_message = "CIDR block must be valid IPv4 CIDR notation."
  }
}

variable "availability_zones" {
  description = "List of availability zones"
  type        = list(string)
}

variable "private_subnet_cidrs" {
  description = "CIDR blocks for private subnets"
  type        = list(string)
  default     = []
}

variable "enable_dns_hostnames" {
  description = "Enable DNS hostnames in VPC"
  type        = bool
  default     = true
}

variable "enable_dns_support" {
  description = "Enable DNS support in VPC"
  type        = bool
  default     = true
}

variable "create_internet_gateway" {
  description = "Whether to create an Internet Gateway"
  type        = bool
  default     = true
}

variable "tags" {
  description = "Additional tags"
  type        = map(string)
  default     = {}
}

outputs.tf:

output "vpc_id" {
  description = "ID of the VPC"
  value       = aws_vpc.main.id
}

output "private_subnet_ids" {
  description = "IDs of private subnets"
  value       = aws_subnet.private[*].id
}

output "vpc_cidr_block" {
  description = "CIDR block of VPC"
  value       = aws_vpc.main.cidr_block
}

Best Practices

1. Use semantic versioning for modules
2. Pin provider versions in versions.tf — use aws ~> 6.0, azurerm ~> 4.0, google ~> 5.0
3. Document all variables with descriptions
4. Provide examples in examples/ directory
5. Use validation blocks for input validation
6. Output important attributes for module composition
7. Use locals for computed values
8. Implement conditional resources with count/for_each
9. Test modules with Terratest
10. Tag all resources consistently

Reference Files

• references/aws-modules.md - AWS module patterns
• references/azure-modules.md - Azure module patterns
• references/gcp-modules.md - GCP module patterns

Testing

Use Terratest (Go) to test Terraform modules. Every module must include:

• examples/complete/ — a root module that calls the module under test with realistic values and re-exports its outputs
• tests/module_test.go — Go test file that runs InitAndApply, reads outputs, asserts expected values, and always defers Destroy

Apply the following rules when writing tests:

• Always call t.Parallel()
• Always wrap options with terraform.WithDefaultRetryableErrors
• Always use runtime.Caller(0) to resolve examples/complete/ path relative to the test file — never use hardcoded relative paths
• Always use single_nat_gateway = true (or equivalent cost-reducing flags) in test examples
• Provide a plan-only variant of each test (using InitAndPlanAndShowWithStruct) for fast PR validation that requires no AWS credentials
• Use a dedicated AWS test account — never run against production
• Set -timeout 30m in CI to avoid hanging runs

Terraform vs Terragrunt Decision

Use plain Terraform when:

• Single environment, single region
• 2–3 environments in the same region (use workspaces or directory layout)
• Existing project without Terragrunt (don't migrate mid-project)

Use Terragrunt when:

• 4+ environments or multi-region deployments
• Monorepo with many independent stacks (need run-all, dependency orchestration)
• Team needs strict environment parity via inheritance
• Multi-account AWS (landing zone pattern)
• Greenfield with expected growth

Terragrunt Golden Path structure:

infrastructure/
├── terragrunt.hcl              # Root config (remote_state, generate provider)
├── _envcommon/                  # Shared module references
│   ├── vpc.hcl
│   ├── eks.hcl
│   └── rds.hcl
├── dev/
│   ├── env.hcl                 # Environment-level vars
│   ├── vpc/terragrunt.hcl
│   └── eks/terragrunt.hcl
├── staging/
│   └── ...
└── prod/
    └── ...

Related Skills

• tsh-designing-multi-cloud-architecture - For architectural decisions
• tsh-optimizing-cloud-cost - For cost-effective designs