Mailer Patterns

Mailer Patterns

Philosophy: Minimal Mailers, Bundled Notifications

• Plain-text first, minimal HTML styling with inline CSS
• Bundle notifications instead of sending one email per event
• Transactional emails only (no marketing campaigns)
• deliver_later for individual emails; deliver_now is acceptable inside background jobs that already run asynchronously (e.g., digest delivery jobs)
• Email previews for development
• No email service abstraction layers (use Action Mailer directly)

Project Knowledge

Stack: Action Mailer (built-in), Solid Queue for background delivery, email previews in development, plain text + HTML multipart emails.

Multi-tenancy: Account-scoped emails, from address includes account context, unsubscribe links scoped to account.

Commands:

rails generate mailer Comment mentioned         # Generate mailer
rails generate mailer Digest daily_activity      # With methods
# Visit http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers      # Preview emails

Pattern 1: Simple Transactional Mailers

# app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
  default from: ENV.fetch("MAILER_FROM_ADDRESS", "Fizzy <support@fizzy.do>")
  layout "mailer"
end

# app/mailers/comment_mailer.rb
class CommentMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def mentioned(mention)
    @mention = mention
    @comment = mention.comment
    @card = mention.comment.card
    @account = mention.account

    mail(
      to: mention.user.email,
      subject: "#{mention.creator.name} mentioned you in #{@card.title}"
    )
  end

  def new_comment(comment, recipient)
    @comment = comment
    @card = comment.card
    @account = comment.account

    mail(
      to: recipient.email,
      subject: "New comment on #{@card.title}"
    )
  end
end

# app/mailers/membership_mailer.rb
class MembershipMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def invitation(membership)
    @membership = membership
    @account = membership.account
    @inviter = membership.inviter

    mail(
      to: membership.user.email,
      subject: "#{@inviter.name} invited you to #{@account.name}"
    )
  end
end

# app/mailers/card_mailer.rb
class CardMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def assigned(assignment)
    @assignment = assignment
    @card = assignment.card
    @account = assignment.account

    mail(
      to: assignment.user.email,
      subject: "#{assignment.assigner.name} assigned you to #{@card.title}"
    )
  end
end

Pattern 2: Email Templates

See @references/mailer-templates.md for full template examples.

Always create both .text.erb and .html.erb versions:

<%# app/views/comment_mailer/mentioned.text.erb %>
Hi <%= @mention.user.name %>,

<%= @mention.creator.name %> mentioned you in a comment on <%= @card.title %>:

"<%= @comment.body %>"

View the card: <%= account_board_card_url(@account, @card.board, @card) %>

---
You're receiving this because you were mentioned.

<%# app/views/comment_mailer/mentioned.html.erb %>
<p>Hi <%= @mention.user.name %>,</p>

<p><%= @mention.creator.name %> mentioned you in a comment on
   <strong><%= @card.title %></strong>:</p>

<blockquote style="border-left: 3px solid #ccc; padding-left: 15px; color: #666;">
  <%= simple_format(@comment.body) %>
</blockquote>

<p><%= link_to "View the card",
    account_board_card_url(@account, @card.board, @card),
    style: "color: #0066cc; text-decoration: none;" %></p>

Pattern 3: Bundled Notifications (Digest Emails)

See @references/bundled-notifications.md for full details.

# app/mailers/digest_mailer.rb
class DigestMailer < ApplicationMailer
  def daily_activity(user, account, activities)
    @user = user
    @account = account
    @activities = activities
    @grouped_activities = activities.group_by(&:subject_type)

    mail(
      to: user.email,
      subject: "Daily activity summary for #{account.name}"
    )
  end

  def pending_notifications(user, notifications)
    @user = user
    @notifications = notifications
    @accounts = notifications.map(&:account).uniq

    mail(
      to: user.email,
      subject: "You have #{notifications.size} pending notifications"
    )
  end
end

# app/models/notification_bundler.rb
class NotificationBundler
  def initialize(user)
    @user = user
  end

  def should_send_digest?
    pending_notifications.count >= 5 ||
      oldest_pending_notification_age > 1.hour
  end

  def send_digest
    return unless should_send_digest?
    notifications = pending_notifications
    DigestMailer.pending_notifications(@user, notifications).deliver_later
    notifications.update_all(sent_at: Time.current)
  end

  private

  def pending_notifications
    @user.notifications.where(sent_at: nil)
      .where("created_at > ?", 1.hour.ago)
      .order(created_at: :desc)
  end
end

# app/jobs/send_digest_emails_job.rb
class SendDigestEmailsJob < ApplicationJob
  queue_as :mailers

  def perform(frequency: :daily)
    User.where(digest_frequency: frequency).find_each do |user|
      user.accounts.each do |account|
        activities = user.activities_for_digest(account, frequency)
        if activities.any?
          DigestMailer.daily_activity(user, account, activities).deliver_now
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

# config/recurring.yml
mailers:
  daily_digest:
    class: SendDigestEmailsJob
    args: [{ frequency: 'daily' }]
    schedule: every day at 8am
    queue: mailers

Pattern 4: Background Delivery

Always use deliver_later in production. Trigger from model callbacks:

class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  after_create_commit :notify_subscribers
  after_create_commit :notify_mentions

  private

  def notify_subscribers
    card.subscribers.each do |subscriber|
      next if subscriber == creator
      next unless subscriber.wants_email?(account, :comments)
      CommentMailer.new_comment(self, subscriber).deliver_later
    end
  end

  def notify_mentions
    mentions.each do |mention|
      next unless mention.user.wants_email?(account, :mentions)
      CommentMailer.mentioned(mention).deliver_later
    end
  end
end

Pattern 5: Email Preferences and Unsubscribe

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :email_preferences, dependent: :destroy

  enum :digest_frequency, { never: 0, daily: 1, weekly: 2 }, prefix: true

  def wants_email?(account, type)
    pref = email_preferences.find_by(account: account, preference_type: type)
    pref.nil? || pref.enabled?
  end
end

class EmailPreference < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user
  belongs_to :account

  enum :preference_type, { mentions: 0, comments: 1, assignments: 2, digests: 3 }

  validates :preference_type, uniqueness: { scope: [:user_id, :account_id] }
end

Pattern 6: Email Previews

# test/mailers/previews/comment_mailer_preview.rb
class CommentMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
  def mentioned
    mention = Mention.first || create_sample_mention
    CommentMailer.mentioned(mention)
  end

  private

  def create_sample_mention
    user = User.first
    account = Account.first
    board = account.boards.first
    card = board.cards.first
    comment = card.comments.create!(body: "Hey @alice", creator: user)
    Mention.create!(user: user, comment: comment, creator: user, account: account)
  end
end

Visit previews at http://localhost:3000/rails/mailers.

Pattern 7: Minimal Email Layout

<%# app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb %>
<%= yield %>

---
<%= @account&.name || "Example App" %>
<%= root_url %>

<%# app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb %>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <style>
      body { margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: -apple-system, sans-serif;
             font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; color: #333; background: #f5f5f5; }
      a { color: #0066cc; }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <table style="width: 100%; max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto;" role="presentation">
      <tr><td style="background: white; padding: 40px 30px;"><%= yield %></td></tr>
      <tr><td style="padding: 20px 30px; text-align: center; color: #999; font-size: 12px;">
        <%= @account&.name || "Example App" %><br><%= link_to root_url, root_url %>
      </td></tr>
    </table>
  </body>
</html>

Delivery Configuration

# config/environments/production.rb
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries = true
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: ENV["APP_HOST"] }

# config/environments/development.rb
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :letter_opener
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "localhost", port: 3000 }

# config/environments/test.rb
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :test
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: "example.com" }

Boundaries

Always

• Create both .text.erb and .html.erb templates
• Use deliver_later for individual emails; deliver_now is acceptable inside background jobs that already run asynchronously (e.g., digest delivery jobs)
• Check user email preferences before sending
• Include unsubscribe links in emails
• Use inline CSS for HTML emails (no external stylesheets)
• Scope emails to account context
• Create email previews for development

Ask First

• Digest frequency and bundling thresholds
• Whether to include inline attachments (logos)
• SMTP provider configuration

Never

• Send one email per event (bundle notifications)
• Mix marketing and transactional emails
• Use external CSS in email templates
• Build email service abstraction layers
• Send emails synchronously in request cycle
• Skip email preferences check