C Ecosystem

C++ Language

Modern Features

Move semantics (C++11): Transfer ownership without copying.

std::vector<int> v2 = std::move(v1); // v1 is now empty

Smart pointers: RAII-based automatic memory management.

• unique_ptr - Exclusive ownership, zero overhead
• shared_ptr - Shared ownership with reference counting
• weak_ptr - Non-owning observer of shared_ptr

auto ptr = std::make_unique<MyClass>(args);
auto shared = std::make_shared<MyClass>(args);

constexpr: Compile-time computation (C++11 simple, C++14 loops, C++17 if constexpr, C++20 containers).

auto and structured bindings (C++17):

auto [key, value] = pair;

Lambdas:

auto add = [](int a, int b) { return a + b; };
auto capture_by_ref = [&x]() { x++; };
auto generic = [](auto a, auto b) { return a + b; }; // C++14

Concepts (C++20): Constraints on template parameters.

template<typename T>
concept Addable = requires(T a, T b) { a + b; };

Ranges (C++20): Composable range operations.

auto result = numbers | std::views::filter([](int n) { return n % 2 == 0; })
                      | std::views::transform([](int n) { return n * 2; });

Modules (C++20): Faster compilation, better encapsulation. Requires CMake 3.28+.

Coroutines (C++20): co_yield, co_await, co_return.

Three-way comparison (C++20): auto operator<=>(const Point&) const = default;

Vocabulary types (C++17): std::optional, std::variant, std::any.

Concurrency

• std::thread, std::async for task-based parallelism
• std::mutex, std::lock_guard, std::shared_mutex
• std::atomic for lock-free operations
• std::condition_variable for synchronization
• Avoid: data races, deadlocks (use std::scoped_lock for multiple mutexes)

Patterns

• RAII: Bind resource lifetime to object lifetime
• Rule of Zero: Prefer classes without special member functions (use smart pointers/containers)
• Rule of Five: If you define one of destructor/copy/move, define all five
• PIMPL: Hide implementation details, reduce compilation dependencies
• CRTP: Curiously Recurring Template Pattern for static polymorphism
• Type Erasure: Hide concrete types behind uniform interface

Anti-patterns

• Raw pointer ownership - Use smart pointers
• Manual new/delete - Use std::make_unique/std::make_shared
• C-style casts - Use static_cast, dynamic_cast, etc.
• using namespace std; in headers - Use qualified names
• Throwing in destructors - Mark destructors noexcept

CMake

Project Structure

├── CMakeLists.txt
├── cmake/modules/
├── src/
├── include/project/
├── tests/
└── build/

Modern CMake (3.0+)

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(MyProject VERSION 1.0.0 LANGUAGES CXX)

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)

add_library(mylib STATIC src/mylib.cpp)
target_include_directories(mylib PUBLIC include)
target_compile_features(mylib PUBLIC cxx_std_20)

add_executable(myapp src/main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(myapp PRIVATE mylib)

Dependencies

find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
find_package(GTest REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(myapp PRIVATE Threads::Threads GTest::gtest)

Compiler Options

add_library(project_warnings INTERFACE)
target_compile_options(project_warnings INTERFACE
  $<$<CXX_COMPILER_ID:GNU,Clang>:
    -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -Wshadow -Wnon-virtual-dtor
    -Wconversion -Wsign-conversion -Wnull-dereference>)

Commands

cmake -B build -G Ninja          # Configure
cmake --build build              # Build
cmake --build build --target test # Run tests
cmake --build build --config Release

Toolchain

Compilers

• Clang: -std=c++20 -stdlib=libc++ -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror
• GCC: -std=c++20 -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -fanalyzer

clang-tidy

# .clang-tidy
Checks: >
  -*, bugprone-*, clang-analyzer-*, cppcoreguidelines-*,
  modernize-*, performance-*, readability-*,
  -modernize-use-trailing-return-type
WarningsAsErrors: '*'

clang-format

# .clang-format
BasedOnStyle: LLVM
IndentWidth: 4
ColumnLimit: 100
Standard: c++20

Sanitizers

• AddressSanitizer: -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer
• UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer: -fsanitize=undefined
• ThreadSanitizer: -fsanitize=thread (cannot combine with ASan)
• MemorySanitizer (Clang only): -fsanitize=memory

Testing

GoogleTest

enable_testing()
find_package(GTest REQUIRED)
add_executable(tests tests/test_main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(tests PRIVATE GTest::gtest GTest::gtest_main)
include(GoogleTest)
gtest_discover_tests(tests)

TEST(MyTest, BasicAssertion) { EXPECT_EQ(1 + 1, 2); }
TEST_F(MyFixture, FixtureTest) { EXPECT_TRUE(true); }

Catch2

find_package(Catch2 3 REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(tests PRIVATE Catch2::Catch2WithMain)

TEST_CASE("Basic arithmetic", "[math]") {
    REQUIRE(1 + 1 == 2);
    SECTION("subtraction") { REQUIRE(2 - 1 == 1); }
}

Context7 Integration

• C++ reference: /websites/cppreference_com
• CMake: /Kitware/CMake
• GoogleTest: /google/googletest
• Catch2: /catchorg/Catch2

Best Practices

• Use smart pointers instead of raw pointers for ownership
• Enable -Wall -Wextra -Werror for all builds
• Run clang-tidy before committing
• Format with clang-format for consistent style
• Prefer const correctness throughout
• Use noexcept for move constructors and destructors
• Prefer constexpr for compile-time computation
• Use std::string_view for non-owning string references
• Prefer range-based for loops over index-based
• Use structured bindings for tuple/pair access
• Document public API with Doxygen comments

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