Code Review Checklist

Code Review Checklist

Review Philosophy

A code review is a collaborative conversation, not a gatekeeping exercise. The goals are:

1. Catch bugs before they reach production.
2. Share knowledge across the team.
3. Maintain consistency in style and architecture.
4. Improve the code incrementally.

Review the code, not the author. Be specific, be kind, and suggest alternatives rather than only pointing out problems.

Severity Classification

Classify every comment to set expectations:

Prefix comments with the severity: [Blocker], [Major], [Minor], [Suggestion].

1. Correctness Checklist

Does the code do what it is supposed to do?

• Requirements met. Does the change implement the described feature or fix the described bug completely?
• Edge cases handled. What happens with null, empty, zero, negative, very large, or unexpected inputs?
• Error handling. Are exceptions caught at the right level? Are error messages helpful? Do errors propagate correctly?
• Return values. Are all code paths returning the correct type and value? Are there missing returns?
• Off-by-one. Are loop bounds, array indices, and string slices correct? Inclusive vs. exclusive?
• Type safety. Are types correct? Are there implicit coercions that could cause surprises (e.g., "1" + 1)?
• Concurrency. If concurrent, are shared resources protected? Are there potential race conditions or deadlocks?
• Data integrity. Are database transactions used where needed? Is there a risk of partial writes?
• Backward compatibility. Does this change break existing callers, APIs, or stored data?
• Idempotency. If the operation is retried, does it produce the same result?

2. Readability Checklist

Can a new team member understand this code without asking the author?

• Naming. Do variable, function, and class names clearly express their purpose? Avoid abbreviations unless universally understood.
• Function length. Are functions short enough to understand at a glance (under 20-30 lines)? If not, can they be decomposed?
• Single responsibility. Does each function do one thing? Does each class have one reason to change?
• Comments. Are comments explaining WHY, not WHAT? Is there dead commented-out code that should be removed?
• Complexity. Are nested conditionals minimized? Can guard clauses replace deep nesting?
• Consistency. Does the code follow existing patterns and conventions in the codebase?
• Magic values. Are there unexplained numbers or strings? Should they be named constants?
• Code flow. Can you follow the execution path without jumping around? Is control flow straightforward?
• Formatting. Is indentation, spacing, and line length consistent with the project style?
• Dead code. Is there unreachable code, unused imports, or unused variables?

3. Maintainability Checklist

Will this code be easy to change six months from now?

• DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself). Is there duplicated logic that should be extracted into a shared function?
• Coupling. Is the code tightly coupled to specific implementations? Could dependency injection improve flexibility?
• Abstraction level. Are high-level and low-level concerns mixed? (e.g., business logic mixed with SQL queries or HTTP handling)
• Configuration. Are environment-specific values (URLs, timeouts, thresholds) configurable rather than hardcoded?
• Module boundaries. Does the change respect existing module/package boundaries? Does it introduce circular dependencies?
• API design. Are public interfaces minimal and well-defined? Can internal details change without affecting callers?
• Migration path. If this changes a schema, API, or data format, is there a migration plan?
• Documentation. Are public APIs documented? Are complex algorithms explained?
• Deprecation. If replacing old code, is the old code marked as deprecated with a removal timeline?
• Feature flags. For risky or incremental changes, should the new behavior be behind a feature flag?

4. Security Checklist

Could this code be exploited by a malicious actor?

• Input validation. Is all user input validated and sanitized before use?
• SQL injection. Are database queries parameterized? No string concatenation for SQL.
• XSS (Cross-Site Scripting). Is user-generated content escaped before rendering in HTML?
• CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery). Are state-changing endpoints protected with CSRF tokens?
• Authentication. Are protected routes/resources properly gated behind authentication?
• Authorization. Does the code verify the user has permission to access/modify the specific resource?
• Secrets. Are API keys, passwords, or tokens hardcoded? They should be in environment variables or a secrets manager.
• Logging. Are sensitive data (passwords, tokens, PII) excluded from logs?
• Dependency vulnerabilities. Are new dependencies from trusted sources? Have they been audited?
• File handling. Are uploaded files validated for type and size? Are paths sanitized to prevent directory traversal?
• Rate limiting. Are public-facing endpoints protected against abuse?
• HTTPS. Are external API calls using HTTPS? Are certificates validated?

5. Performance Checklist

Will this code perform acceptably under expected load?

• Algorithmic complexity. Is the algorithm appropriate for the data size? Is O(n^2) acceptable here?
• Database queries. Are queries indexed? Are there N+1 query problems? Are results paginated?
• Caching. Should results be cached? If caching exists, is invalidation handled correctly?
• Payload size. Are API responses, database fetches, or file reads bounded in size?
• Lazy loading. Are expensive resources loaded only when needed?
• Connection pooling. Are database/HTTP connections pooled and reused, not created per request?
• Async / non-blocking. Are I/O operations non-blocking where appropriate? Are there unnecessary awaits on non-dependent operations?
• Memory. Are large data sets streamed rather than loaded entirely into memory?
• Startup impact. Does this change slow down application startup?
• Monitoring. Are new critical code paths instrumented with metrics or tracing?

6. Testing Checklist

Is the change adequately tested?

• Tests exist. Does every new behavior have at least one test?
• Tests pass. Do all tests pass in CI? Have you run them locally?
• Happy path tested. Are the primary use cases covered?
• Edge cases tested. Are boundary values, empty inputs, and error conditions tested?
• Regression test. If this is a bug fix, is there a test that would have caught the bug?
• Test quality. Do tests assert on behavior, not implementation details?
• Test isolation. Do tests run independently? No shared mutable state between tests?
• Test readability. Can you understand what each test verifies from its name and body?
• Mocking. Are mocks used judiciously? Are they mocking the right boundaries (I/O, not business logic)?
• Coverage. Is coverage maintained or improved? Are critical paths covered?
• Flakiness. Do new tests depend on timing, external services, or non-deterministic data?

How to Give Constructive Feedback

Do

• Be specific. Point to exact lines. Explain the problem concretely.
• Explain why. Not just "change this" but "this could cause X because Y."
• Suggest alternatives. Provide a code snippet or link to a pattern.
• Ask questions. "What happens if X is null here?" is better than "You forgot a null check."
• Acknowledge good work. Call out clever solutions, clean refactoring, or good test coverage.
• Distinguish severity. A nit is not a blocker. Label them differently.
• Offer to pair. If the change is complex, offer to discuss live.

Do Not

• Do not attack the person. "This code is bad" vs. "This function could be simplified by..."
• Do not bikeshed. Do not block a PR over trivial style preferences that are not in the style guide.
• Do not pile on. If another reviewer already made a point, a thumbs-up is enough.
• Do not be vague. "This is confusing" is not actionable. Say what is confusing and why.
• Do not rewrite. If you would rewrite the entire approach, have a conversation first — do not do it through line comments.

Comment Templates

[Blocker] Bug: `items.length` will throw if `items` is null.
Consider adding a null check: `if (!items?.length) return [];`

[Major] Missing test: This new validation logic does not have
a corresponding test for the rejection case.

[Minor] Naming: `d` is ambiguous. Consider `durationMs` or
`elapsedDays` to clarify the unit.

[Suggestion] You could use `Array.flatMap()` here to combine
the map and filter into one pass. Not required though.

Reviewer Responsibilities

• Respond to review requests within one business day.
• Review the full diff, not just the files you are familiar with.
• Pull the branch and run it locally for non-trivial changes.
• Check CI results before approving.
• Re-review after changes are made to your feedback.
• Approve explicitly when satisfied; do not leave PRs in limbo.

Author Responsibilities

• Self-review your diff before requesting review.
• Keep PRs small (under 400 lines of meaningful changes).
• Write a clear PR description explaining what, why, and how.
• Link to the issue or spec being implemented.
• Respond to all comments, even if just "Done" or "Acknowledged."
• Do not merge until all blocker/major comments are resolved.
• Squash fixup commits before merging if the project convention requires it.

Review Workflow

1. Skim first. Read the PR description and get the big picture.
2. Architecture pass. Review the overall design and file structure.
3. Detailed pass. Go file by file, line by line, applying the checklists above.
4. Test pass. Read the tests. Do they cover the right cases?
5. Run it. For anything non-trivial, check out the branch and run it.
6. Summarize. Leave an overall summary comment with your verdict.

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