Database Schema

Database Schema Generator

This skill provides comprehensive tools for generating database schemas with proper relations, migrations, and ORM/ODM models for PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and SQLite that integrate seamlessly with FastAPI applications.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when you need to:

• Generate database schemas with proper relationships and constraints
• Create ORM/ODM models for SQL (SQLAlchemy) or NoSQL (ODMantic/PyMongo) databases
• Set up database migrations for schema evolution
• Define proper indexing strategies for performance
• Generate FastAPI integration patterns for database operations
• Create database connection pools and session management

Supported Database Types

SQL Databases

• PostgreSQL: Advanced features, JSON support, full-text search
• SQLite: Lightweight, file-based, perfect for development/testing
• MySQL: Traditional SQL with comprehensive feature set (coming soon)

NoSQL Databases

• MongoDB: Document-based with flexible schema and rich query language

Core Workflow

1. Database Type Selection

• Choose between PostgreSQL, MongoDB, or SQLite based on requirements
• Consider factors: scalability, ACID compliance, document flexibility, deployment complexity

2. Schema Design

• Define entities and their relationships
• Plan indexes for optimal query performance
• Consider data normalization vs. denormalization trade-offs

3. Model Generation

• Create appropriate ORM/ODM models based on database type
• Define proper field types and constraints
• Implement relationship mappings

4. Migration Strategy

• Generate migration files for schema evolution
• Plan rollback strategies for safe deployments
• Consider data migration needs

5. FastAPI Integration

• Set up database connection pools
• Implement dependency injection for database sessions
• Create proper error handling for database operations

Database-Specific Patterns

PostgreSQL Schema Generation

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, DateTime, ForeignKey, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
from database.base import Base

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "users"

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True, nullable=False)
    name = Column(String, nullable=False)
    created_at = Column(DateTime(timezone=True), server_default=func.now())
    updated_at = Column(DateTime(timezone=True),

    # Relationships
    posts = relationship("Post", back_populates="author", cascade="all, delete-orphan")

# PostgreSQL-specific indexes
Index('idx_user_email', 'email', unique=True)
Index('idx_user_created_at', 'created_at')

MongoDB Schema Generation (ODMantic)

from odmantic import Model, Field, Index
from datetime import datetime
from typing import List, Optional

class User(Model):
    email: str = Field(unique=True, regex=r'^[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+\.\w+$')
    name: str
    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)
    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)

    class Config:
        collection = "users"
        indexes = [
            Index("email", unique=True),
            Index("created_at")
        ]

class Post(Model):
    title: str
    content: str
    author_id: str = Field(foreign_key="User.id")
    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=datetime.utcnow)

    # Embedded relationships in MongoDB
    tags: List[str] = []
    metadata: Optional[dict] = {}

    class Config:
        collection = "posts"
        indexes = [
            Index("author_id"),
            Index("created_at"),
            Index("tags")
        ]

SQLite Schema Generation

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, DateTime, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
from database.base import Base

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "users"

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True)
    email = Column(String, unique=True, index=True, nullable=False)
    name = Column(String, nullable=False)
    created_at = Column(DateTime, default=func.now())
    updated_at = Column(DateTime, default=func.now(),

    posts = relationship("Post", back_populates="author")

Migration Patterns

Alembic Migration Example

"""Add user profile fields

Revision ID: abc123def456
Revises: 7d5c8b1a2c3d
Create Date: 2023-10-15 10:30:00.000000

"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa

# revision identifiers
revision = 'abc123def456'
down_revision = '7d5c8b1a2c3d'
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None

def upgrade():
    # Add new columns
    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('bio', sa.Text(), nullable=True))
    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('avatar_url', sa.String(500), nullable=True))
    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('is_verified', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True, default=False))

    # Create indexes
    op.create_index('ix_users_bio', 'users', ['bio'])
    op.create_index('ix_users_is_verified', 'users', ['is_verified'])

def downgrade():
    # Remove columns (in reverse order)
    op.drop_index('ix_users_is_verified')
    op.drop_index('ix_users_bio')
    op.drop_column('users', 'is_verified')
    op.drop_column('users', 'avatar_url')
    op.drop_column('users', 'bio')

FastAPI Integration Patterns

Database Dependency

from fastapi import Depends
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
from database.session import get_db

async def get_current_user(
    token: str = Security(oauth2_scheme),
    db: Session = Depends(get_db)
):
    credentials_exception = HTTPException(
        status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
        detail="Could not validate credentials",
        headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
    )
    try:
        payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[ALGORITHM])
        email: str = payload.get("sub")
        if email is None:
            raise credentials_exception
    except JWTError:
        raise credentials_exception

    user = db.query(User).filter(User.email == email).first()
    if user is None:
        raise credentials_exception
    return user

Best Practices

Performance Optimization

• Use proper indexing strategies
• Implement connection pooling
• Use eager loading for related data when needed
• Consider caching strategies for read-heavy operations

Security Considerations

• Sanitize all database inputs
• Use parameterized queries to prevent injection
• Implement proper authentication and authorization
• Encrypt sensitive data at rest

Scalability Patterns

• Plan for database sharding if needed
• Use read replicas for read-heavy operations
• Implement proper database connection management
• Consider database-specific optimization techniques

Advanced Features

Relationship Handling

• One-to-Many relationships with proper cascading
• Many-to-Many relationships with join tables
• One-to-One relationships for specialized use cases
• Self-referencing relationships for hierarchical data

Data Validation

• Database-level constraints
• Application-level validation through ORM/ODM
• Custom validation functions
• Data integrity checks

References

• See POSTGRESQL.md for PostgreSQL-specific patterns
• See MONGODB.md for MongoDB schema design
• See SQLITE.md for SQLite optimization
• See MIGRATIONS.md for migration strategies
• See RELATIONS.md for relationship patterns
• See FASTAPI_INTEGRATION.md for FastAPI database patterns

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