Design Philosophy

Design Philosophy for Towns Protocol

When to Use This Skill

• Creating new facets or contracts
• Major refactoring work
• Reviewing architectural decisions
• Designing new abstractions or APIs
• Evaluating trade-offs between approaches
• Identifying and fixing design smells

Reference Examples

Foundational Philosophy: Designing for Simplicity

The primary objective in Towns Protocol development is to minimize complexity—anything related to the software structure that makes it hard to understand or modify. In a system as sophisticated as this (with Diamond Pattern upgrades, cross-chain validation, and role-based permissions), managing complexity is critical.

Core Principles

• Strategic Programming: Invest time in design upfront rather than quick tactical fixes. The long-term structure matters more than short-term convenience. Before adding a new facet or feature, design the abstraction carefully.

• Goal: Obviousness: Code should be obvious. Developers should quickly understand existing code and confidently make changes. If understanding a facet requires reading multiple files and tracing dependencies, the abstraction is leaking.

• Eliminate Dependencies: Minimize coupling between modules. A change in one facet should rarely require changes in others. Use events and interfaces to decouple components.

• Eliminate Obscurity: Name entities precisely. Document non-obvious behavior. If a function's purpose isn't clear from its signature and name, the design needs improvement.

• Avoid Change Amplification: Small logical changes should not require modifying many files. If adding a permission type requires touching 10+ contracts, the architecture has high coupling.

• Reduce Cognitive Load: Developers should not need extensive context to complete tasks. A facet's interface should be self-documenting. Storage layouts should be isolated.

• No Unknown Unknowns: It should be obvious which code must be modified for a given change. Clear module boundaries and interfaces prevent hidden dependencies.

Design Philosophy for Solidity Modules

In this codebase, "modules" refers to contracts, facets, libraries, and functions. Apply these principles at all levels.

Module Design: Building Deep, Encapsulated Contracts

1. Strive for Deep Modules

Contracts and facets should be deep: they provide powerful functionality through a simple interface.

✅ Deep Module Example (Good):

// Simple interface hiding complex validation, fee charging, and registration
interface IL2Registrar {
  function register(string calldata label, address owner) external;
  function isAvailable(string calldata label) external view returns (bool);
}

// Complex implementation: validates caller is smart account, charges fees,
// validates label format, interacts with registry, sets resolver records
contract L2RegistrarFacet is IL2Registrar {
  function register(
    string calldata label,
    address owner
  ) external nonReentrant {
    L2RegistrarMod.onlySmartAccount();
    L2RegistrarMod.validateLabel(label);
    L2RegistrarMod.Layout storage $ = L2RegistrarMod.getStorage();
    $.chargeFee(label);
    $.register(label, owner);
  }
}

❌ Shallow Module Example (Bad):

// Interface complexity matches implementation complexity (shallow)
interface IUserHelper {
  function getUserAddress(uint256 userId) external view returns (address);
  function setUserAddress(uint256 userId, address addr) external;
  function deleteUserAddress(uint256 userId) external;
}

// Implementation is just simple CRUD with no abstraction

Guidelines for Deep Modules:

• Simple Interface, Complex Implementation: External functions should be minimal and clear. Internal complexity should be hidden in the Mod library.
• General Purpose Design: Design facets to be somewhat general-purpose. Separate specialized logic from general mechanisms.
• Powerful Abstractions: A single function like register() can hide validation, fee charging, registry interaction, and resolver setup.

2. Information Hiding and Encapsulation

Information hiding is the most crucial technique for deep facets. In the Diamond Pattern, this is especially important because facets share a proxy but should minimize shared knowledge.

Prevent Information Leakage:

• ❌ Leakage: If the storage layout details of one facet must be known by another facet, that's leakage.
• ✅ Solution: Each facet has its own isolated storage slot via the Mod library. Facets communicate through well-defined interfaces.

Example of Information Hiding (Good):

// L2RegistrarMod hides HOW registration works
library L2RegistrarMod {
  using CustomRevert for bytes4;

  function register(
    Layout storage $,
    string calldata subdomain,
    address owner
  ) internal {
    // Get registry interface - caller doesn't need to know this
    IL2Registry registry = IL2Registry($.registry);

    // Compute hashes - caller doesn't need to understand namehashing
    bytes32 domainHash = registry.baseDomainHash();
    bytes32 subdomainHash = registry.encodeSubdomain(domainHash, subdomain);

    // Register in L2 registry - caller doesn't know registry API
    registry.createSubdomain(domainHash, subdomain, owner, new bytes[](0), "");

    // Set resolver records - caller doesn't manage coin types
    bytes memory addr = abi.encodePacked(owner);
    AddrResolverFacet($.registry).setAddr(subdomainHash, $.coinType, addr);
    AddrResolverFacet($.registry).setAddr(subdomainHash, 60, addr);

    emit NameRegistered(subdomain, owner);
  }
}

// Facet exposes simple interface - users call register() without knowing internals

Example of Information Leakage (Bad):

// Exposing internal structure forces all callers to know implementation details
function registerDomain(
  bytes32 domainHash,
  bytes32 subdomainHash,
  uint256 coinType,
  bytes memory encodedAddress
) external;

// Now external code must understand namehashing, coin types, address encoding

3. Avoid Temporal Decomposition

Do not structure code solely based on the order of operations. This often creates information leakage and tight coupling.

❌ Temporal Decomposition (Bad):

contract Step1ValidateCaller { ... }
contract Step2ChargeFee { ... }
contract Step3RegisterDomain { ... }
// Each step exposes intermediate state to the next

✅ Knowledge-Based Organization (Good):

library L2RegistrarMod {
  // Contains ALL knowledge about domain registration
  function register(
    Layout storage $,
    string calldata subdomain,
    address owner
  ) internal {
    // Internally: interact with registry, set resolvers, emit events
  }

  // Contains ALL knowledge about caller validation
  function onlySmartAccount() internal view {
    if (msg.sender.code.length == 0) {
      L2Registrar__NotSmartAccount.selector.revertWith();
    }
    // Check interface support...
  }

  // Contains ALL knowledge about label validation
  function validateLabel(string calldata label) internal pure {
    if (!isValidLabel(label)) L2Registrar__InvalidLabel.selector.revertWith();
  }
}

4. Different Layers, Different Abstractions

When tracing an operation through layers, the abstraction should change at each boundary.

Example of Proper Layering:

// Layer 1: External API (user-facing abstraction)
// User thinks: "I'm registering a domain name"
function register(string calldata label, address owner) external nonReentrant {
    L2RegistrarMod.onlySmartAccount();
    L2RegistrarMod.validateLabel(label);
    L2RegistrarMod.Layout storage $ = L2RegistrarMod.getStorage();
    $.chargeFee(label);
    $.register(label, owner);
}

// Layer 2: Mod Library (business logic abstraction)
// System thinks: "I'm managing domain state and registry interactions"
function register(Layout storage $, string calldata subdomain, address owner) internal {
    IL2Registry registry = IL2Registry($.registry);
    bytes32 domainHash = registry.baseDomainHash();
    // ...
}

// Layer 3: Registry Contract (storage abstraction)
// System thinks: "I'm managing ENS-compatible records"
function createSubdomain(bytes32 parent, string calldata label, address owner, ...) external;

Each layer has a distinct vocabulary and level of abstraction. External API uses business terms (register, label). Mod uses domain terms (subdomain, registry). Low-level uses ENS terms (namehash, resolver).

5. Pull Complexity Downward

When encountering unavoidable complexity, resolve it within the module rather than pushing it onto callers.

❌ Pushing Complexity Up (Bad):

// Caller must understand coin types, encoding, and resolver setup
function registerDomain(
  string calldata label,
  address owner,
  uint256 coinType,
  bytes calldata encodedOwner,
  address resolverAddress
) external;

✅ Pulling Complexity Down (Good):

// Simple interface; complexity handled in Mod library
function register(string calldata label, address owner) external {
  L2RegistrarMod.Layout storage $ = L2RegistrarMod.getStorage();
  $.register(label, owner);
  // Mod internally handles: coin type calculation, address encoding, resolver setup
}

Code Clarity: Naming, Comments, and Error Handling

1. Naming Conventions

Names are a form of abstraction and documentation. They create a mental model.

Precision and Image:

• Names must be precise, unambiguous, and intuitive
• The name should convey what the entity is and is not
• Avoid vague names like manager, handler, helper, utils

Examples:

❌ Vague Names:

• manager → Use L2RegistrarMod (handles domain registration logic)
• check() → Use onlySmartAccount() (validates caller is smart account)
• process() → Use chargeFee() (charges registration fee)
• data → Use Layout (storage layout for the facet)

Consistency:

• Use consistent terminology across the codebase
• If you call it a "label" in one place, don't call it a "subdomain" in the interface
• Follow the pattern: FeatureMod.sol, FeatureFacet.sol, IFeature.sol

Red Flag: If you struggle to find a simple, precise name, the entity likely has an unclear purpose or poor design.

2. Strategic Use of Comments

Comments capture knowledge that cannot be represented in code. They are fundamental to abstraction.

What to Comment:

• The What (Abstraction): What does this function/contract provide at a high level?
• The Why (Rationale): Why was this design chosen? What problem does it solve?
• The Non-Obvious: What cannot be inferred from the code itself?

What NOT to Comment:

• The How (Implementation): The code already shows how it works
• Redundant Information: Don't repeat what's in the function name

Interface Documentation (NatSpec):

Every public/external function must have NatSpec that defines the abstraction:

/// @notice Registers a subdomain for a Towns smart account
/// @dev Validates caller is IModularAccount, charges fee, creates subdomain
/// @param label The subdomain label (e.g., "alice" for alice.towns.eth)
/// @param owner The address that will own the subdomain
function register(string calldata label, address owner) external;

Implementation Comments:

Use implementation comments sparingly for non-obvious logic:

// ENSIP-11: Maps EVM chainId to ENS coinType by setting MSB (bit 31).
// This avoids collisions with SLIP-44 native coin types and enables
// deterministic L2 address resolution. Formula: coinType = 0x80000000 | chainId
$.coinType = 0x80000000 | block.chainid;

// Set forward address for mainnet ETH (coinType 60) for easier debugging
addrResolver.setAddr(subdomainHash, 60, addr);

3. Handling Errors and Special Cases

Exceptions and special conditions contribute disproportionately to complexity. They force conditional logic throughout the codebase.

Modern Error Pattern:

library L2RegistrarMod {
  using CustomRevert for bytes4;

  error L2Registrar__InvalidLabel();
  error L2Registrar__NotSmartAccount();

  function validateLabel(string calldata label) internal pure {
    if (!isValidLabel(label)) L2Registrar__InvalidLabel.selector.revertWith();
  }

  function onlySmartAccount() internal view {
    if (msg.sender.code.length == 0) {
      L2Registrar__NotSmartAccount.selector.revertWith();
    }
    // ...
  }
}

Define Errors Out of Existence:

Modify semantics so exceptional conditions become normal:

❌ Special Case (Bad):

function isAvailable(
  string calldata label
) external view returns (bool available, string memory reason);
// Returns flag AND reason; caller must handle multiple cases

✅ Normal Case (Good):

function isAvailable(string calldata label) external view returns (bool) {
  // Invalid labels return false (not available)
  if (!isValidLabel(label)) return false;
  // Existing domains return false
  return registry.subdomainOwner(subdomainHash) == address(0);
}
// Simple boolean - no special cases for caller to handle

Exception Masking:

Handle exceptions low in the system to hide them from higher layers:

// Low-level function masks interface check failure
function onlySmartAccount() internal view {
  if (msg.sender.code.length == 0) {
    L2Registrar__NotSmartAccount.selector.revertWith();
  }

  try
    IERC165(msg.sender).supportsInterface(type(IModularAccount).interfaceId)
  returns (bool supported) {
    if (!supported) L2Registrar__NotSmartAccount.selector.revertWith();
  } catch {
    // Mask the catch - same error regardless of failure mode
    L2Registrar__NotSmartAccount.selector.revertWith();
  }
}

Design Process and Red Flags

Design It Twice

For major design decisions (new facets, public APIs, core abstractions), consider at least two radically different approaches:

Example: Designing Domain Registration

Option 1: Direct Registry Interaction

• Facet directly calls registry methods
• Pros: Simple, fewer contracts
• Cons: Tight coupling, hard to add middleware

Option 2: Mod Library Pattern

• Facet delegates to Mod library
• Pros: Testable, reusable, clear separation
• Cons: One more file to maintain

Option 3: Separate Validator Contract

• External contract for validation logic
• Pros: Upgradeable validation rules
• Cons: More gas, external calls

Evaluate trade-offs explicitly. Document the decision rationale in comments or docs.

Red Flags: Warning Signs of Poor Design

• Shallow Module: Interface complexity rivals implementation complexity. The module doesn't hide much.

  • Example: A facet with 20 external functions that are mostly simple getters/setters with no abstractions.

• Information Leakage: The same knowledge/decision is reflected in multiple modules.

  • Example: Multiple facets need to know about coin type encoding or namehash computation.

• Pass-Through Method: Function does nothing but call another function with similar signature.

  • Example: function getRegistry() external { return L2RegistrarMod.getStorage().registry; } is acceptable for simple getters, but watch for complex pass-throughs.

• Vague Name: Name is imprecise and doesn't convey useful information.

  • Example: processLabel(), handleRequest(), manager, helper

• Special-General Mixture: Module mixes general mechanisms with specialized code for one use case.

  • Example: A general registrar that has hardcoded logic for one specific domain.

• Conjoined Methods: Two methods are commonly called together; their signatures are related.

  • Example: Always calling validateLabel() then register() suggests validation should be internal to register.

• Comment Describes Implementation: Comment explains what code is doing rather than why.

  • Example: // Loop through characters and check if valid (obvious from code)

• Hard to Name: Difficulty finding a clear name for a module, function, or variable.

  • Example: Suggests the entity has unclear purpose or tries to do too many unrelated things.

Refactoring Triggers

If you encounter these red flags, consider refactoring:

1. Extract to Mod Library: Move internal logic from Facet to Mod for better testability
2. Merge Related Functions: If two functions always called together, combine them
3. Split Unrelated Concerns: If a Mod does too many things, split it
4. Improve Interface: If interface is complex, find a simpler abstraction
5. Hide Information: If implementation details leak, add an abstraction layer in the Mod

Summary: Principles in Practice

When designing or modifying Towns Protocol contracts:

1. Think Strategically: Invest in design upfront; prioritize long-term structure
2. Design Deep Modules: Simple interfaces in Facet, powerful implementations in Mod
3. Hide Information: Isolate knowledge in Mod libraries; expose minimal interface
4. Use Precise Names: Names should create clear mental models (L2Registrar__InvalidLabel)
5. Document Abstractions: Write comments that describe what and why, not how
6. Eliminate Special Cases: Design so edge cases are handled uniformly (return false vs throw)
7. Design It Twice: Consider alternatives for major decisions
8. Watch for Red Flags: Shallow modules, information leakage, vague names

These principles compound. Well-designed abstractions make the codebase easier to understand, modify, and extend—crucial for a complex, upgradeable system like Towns Protocol.

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