Flutter Coding

Flutter Coding

Match the project's existing conventions. When uncertain, read 2-3 existing widgets to infer the local style. Check pubspec.yaml for Flutter/Dart version and dependencies, and the project's state-management package (Provider, Riverpod, Bloc, GetIt) before introducing a new pattern. These defaults apply only when the project has no established convention. For Dart language rules (null safety, async, records, patterns), see the dart-coding skill.

Never rules

These are unconditional. They prevent rebuild storms, corrupted state, and lifecycle bugs regardless of project style.

• Never use a helper function that returns Widget -- helper functions skip the const constructor cache and rebuild on every parent build. Promote to a StatelessWidget so Flutter can short-circuit identical instances via ==.

// Wrong: rebuilds every time the enclosing build runs
Widget _buildHeader(String title) {
  return Padding(
    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16),
    child: Text(title, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 24)),
  );
}

// Correct: a const StatelessWidget caches via instance equality
class _Header extends StatelessWidget {
  const _Header({required this.title});
  final String title;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16),
      child: Text(title, style: const TextStyle(fontSize: 24)),
    );
  }
}

• Never pass mutable arguments where const constructors would work -- const Text('hi') short-circuits rebuilds via instance equality. Prefer const literals everywhere they apply.

// Wrong: a fresh Text every rebuild, even though args never change
Text('Save', style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold))

// Correct: const literal is cached
const Text('Save', style: TextStyle(fontWeight: FontWeight.bold))

• Never extend Scaffold, Container, or other concrete widgets -- compose. Pass child widgets in via constructor, route events up via callbacks, and pass state down through fields. Inheritance from concrete widgets fights the framework.

• Never override Widget.operator == (except for trivially-cheap leaf widgets) -- the framework already short-circuits identical const instances. Custom == runs O(N^2) over the tree and blocks compiler optimizations.

• Never create a Future or Stream inside build -- FutureBuilder(future: fetch()) reruns on every parent rebuild, causing infinite loops and wasted requests. Cache the future on State (in initState or didChangeDependencies).

// Wrong: a new Future on every rebuild -> reload storm
class UserView extends StatelessWidget {
  const UserView({super.key, required this.id});
  final String id;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return FutureBuilder<User>(
      future: fetchUser(id), // recreated each build
      builder: (context, snap) => /* ... */,
    );
  }
}

// Correct: cache the future on State
class UserView extends StatefulWidget {
  const UserView({super.key, required this.id});
  final String id;

  @override
  State<UserView> createState() => _UserViewState();
}

class _UserViewState extends State<UserView> {
  late Future<User> _user = fetchUser(widget.id);

  @override
  void didUpdateWidget(UserView old) {
    super.didUpdateWidget(old);
    if (old.id != widget.id) _user = fetchUser(widget.id);
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return FutureBuilder<User>(
      future: _user,
      builder: (context, snap) => /* ... */,
    );
  }
}

• Never use BuildContext after an await without checking mounted -- once the widget unmounts, the context is invalid. Applies to Navigator, Theme.of, ScaffoldMessenger.of, setState, and anything else that touches the tree.

// Wrong: context may be unmounted by the time we use it
Future<void> _save() async {
  await api.save();
  Navigator.of(context).pop(); // crashes if disposed
}

// Correct: gate context use after every await
Future<void> _save() async {
  await api.save();
  if (!context.mounted) return;
  Navigator.of(context).pop();
}

• Never store a BuildContext in a field, captured closure, or async callback -- the captured reference outlives the build it was issued in. Re-derive context at the call site or pass a typed callback up.

• Never put I/O, allocations of long-lived objects, or controller construction in build -- build must be pure and may run many times per frame. Move work to initState, didChangeDependencies, an event handler, or a higher-level state object.

// Wrong: a new controller each build leaks the old one
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  final controller = TextEditingController(); // leak on every rebuild
  return TextField(controller: controller);
}

// Correct: own the controller on State and dispose it
class _FormState extends State<Form> {
  final _controller = TextEditingController();

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _controller.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) => TextField(controller: _controller);
}

• Never use Opacity, Transform, or Clip* in animations or hot paths -- they force expensive saveLayer calls. Use the cheap variants: AnimatedOpacity/FadeTransition, FadeInImage, the opacity parameter on Image, borderRadius on BoxDecoration instead of ClipRRect.

// Wrong: Opacity forces a saveLayer every frame of the animation
AnimatedBuilder(
  animation: anim,
  builder: (_, __) => Opacity(opacity: anim.value, child: const _Card()),
)

// Correct: FadeTransition uses the GPU-friendly path
FadeTransition(opacity: anim, child: const _Card())

• Never setState inside initState, build, or dispose -- builds must be pure and dispose runs after the element is unmounted. Defer with WidgetsBinding.instance.addPostFrameCallback only when absolutely needed; gate post-async setState with if (mounted).

• Never create a GlobalKey inside build -- a fresh key each build causes the framework to reparent state, triggering State.deactivate and InheritedWidget rebuilds. Store keys as final fields on State.

• Never reorder, insert, or delete stateful list children without keys -- without a Key, internal State and Element attach to position, so removing the first item swaps state across surviving items. Use ValueKey(item.id) or ObjectKey(item).

// Wrong: removing index 0 corrupts the surviving items' state
ListView(
  children: [for (final t in todos) TodoTile(todo: t)],
)

// Correct: identity-bound key keeps state attached to the right item
ListView(
  children: [for (final t in todos) TodoTile(key: ValueKey(t.id), todo: t)],
)

• Never use Navigator.pushNamed or string-based routes for non-trivial apps -- named routes are discouraged officially and lose type safety. Use go_router or an equivalent declarative router. Plain Navigator.push(MaterialPageRoute(...)) is fine for tiny apps.

• Never use deprecated WillPopScope -- it was replaced by PopScope<T> in Flutter 3.24+. The new API is async-safe and predicate-based.

• Never mutate Widget fields after construction -- widgets are immutable build configs. Mutate State, not Widget. If you need to react to incoming widget changes, use didUpdateWidget.

Keys

Reach for a key when widget identity must survive position changes -- typically children of a list, grid, or animated collection that hold their own State.

• ValueKey(item.id) is the default for items with stable IDs.
• ObjectKey(item) when you have the object reference but no natural ID.
• PageStorageKey to persist scroll offsets across rebuilds.
• GlobalKey only for cross-tree State access or explicit reparenting -- it triggers State.deactivate and InheritedWidget rebuilds when moved, so it is the most expensive option.

// Cross-tree access: open a Drawer from outside the Scaffold
class _HomeState extends State<Home> {
  final _scaffoldKey = GlobalKey<ScaffoldState>();

  void _openDrawer() => _scaffoldKey.currentState?.openDrawer();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(key: _scaffoldKey, drawer: const _Menu(), body: /* ... */);
  }
}

BuildContext

BuildContext is the element's locator into the tree. Two rules cover almost everything:

• The context passed to build belongs to the parent. Theme.of(context) finds ancestors, not the widgets you return below. Wrap descendants in a Builder when you need their context (for example to open a Drawer or read an InheritedWidget you just installed).

// Wrong: Scaffold.of(context) here looks above the Scaffold we return below
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Scaffold(
    body: ElevatedButton(
      onPressed: () => Scaffold.of(context).openDrawer(), // crashes
      child: const Text('Menu'),
    ),
  );
}

// Correct: Builder gives a context beneath the Scaffold
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Scaffold(
    body: Builder(
      builder: (innerContext) => ElevatedButton(
        onPressed: () => Scaffold.of(innerContext).openDrawer(),
        child: const Text('Menu'),
      ),
    ),
  );
}

• Pick the right lookup. Theme.of(context) throws when no ancestor exists; use Theme.maybeOf(context) when an ancestor may legitimately be absent. dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType (what .of uses) registers a dependency so the widget rebuilds when the inherited value changes. findAncestorStateOfType is one-shot and abuse-prone -- it gives no rebuild reactivity and couples to tree shape.

State management

Built-ins (neutral, listed by scope):

• setState -- ephemeral state owned by one widget.
• ValueNotifier<T> + ValueListenableBuilder<T> -- single-field state with granular rebuilds.
• ChangeNotifier + InheritedNotifier -- multi-field state shared in a subtree.
• InheritedWidget / InheritedModel -- foundation primitives; rebuilds dependents on change.

Packages (neutral, no recommendation): Provider, Riverpod, Bloc, GetIt. Pick by team and scale; do not mix patterns within a feature. Read existing code first.

Guidelines:

• Localize state. Keep it on the smallest widget that needs it. setState rebuilds the entire subtree, so lifting state higher than necessary widens the rebuild blast radius.
• Don't prop-drill 3+ levels. Reach for an InheritedWidget, Provider, or your project's chosen container.
• Use granular rebuild surfaces. Selector, Riverpod's select, and ValueListenableBuilder rebuild only when the watched slice changes.

// Granular: only the counter text rebuilds
class Counter extends StatefulWidget {
  const Counter({super.key});
  @override
  State<Counter> createState() => _CounterState();
}

class _CounterState extends State<Counter> {
  final _count = ValueNotifier<int>(0);

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _count.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        ValueListenableBuilder<int>(
          valueListenable: _count,
          builder: (_, value, __) => Text('$value'),
        ),
        ElevatedButton(
          onPressed: () => _count.value++,
          child: const Text('Add'),
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

Performance

• Lazy lists for non-trivial counts. ListView.builder and GridView.builder only build visible items. Provide itemExtent or prototypeItem when sizes are uniform -- the framework can then skip the layout pass.
• AnimatedBuilder with a static child. The builder runs every tick; the child does not.

AnimatedBuilder(
  animation: _controller,
  // Built once and reused across every tick
  child: const _ExpensiveSubtree(),
  builder: (context, child) => Transform.rotate(
    angle: _controller.value * pi,
    child: child,
  ),
)

• RepaintBoundary around expensive subtrees that repaint independently (charts, maps, animated cards inside otherwise static screens). Don't sprinkle them everywhere -- each one allocates a layer.
• Avoid intrinsic passes in lists. IntrinsicHeight, IntrinsicWidth, and unbounded children inside Row/Column force the framework to lay each child out twice. Prefer fixed-size cells or Flexible/Expanded with concrete constraints.
• Prefer const widgets. A const constructor is cached by instance equality; the framework can skip its rebuild entirely.

Lifecycle

StatefulWidget lifecycle hooks each have one job. Get them mixed up and you'll fight the framework.

• initState -- create controllers, futures, subscriptions. Sync only. Cannot call dependOnInheritedWidgetOfExactType (use didChangeDependencies for that).
• didChangeDependencies -- read InheritedWidgets that should rebuild this widget when they change (Theme, MediaQuery, Localizations). Runs after initState and any time a watched ancestor changes.
• didUpdateWidget(oldWidget) -- react to widget.x changing. Re-subscribe streams, restart animations. Don't setState here -- a rebuild is already scheduled.
• build -- pure. No I/O, no setState, no Future allocation, no controller construction.
• dispose -- dispose every owned resource: AnimationController, TextEditingController, ScrollController, FocusNode, StreamSubscription, Timer. Call super.dispose() last.

class _PlayerState extends State<Player> with SingleTickerProviderStateMixin {
  late final AnimationController _anim;
  late StreamSubscription<Track> _sub;

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _anim = AnimationController(vsync: this, duration: const Duration(seconds: 1));
    _sub = widget.player.tracks.listen(_onTrack);
  }

  @override
  void didUpdateWidget(Player old) {
    super.didUpdateWidget(old);
    if (old.player != widget.player) {
      _sub.cancel();
      _sub = widget.player.tracks.listen(_onTrack);
    }
  }

  @override
  void dispose() {
    _sub.cancel();
    _anim.dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }

  // ...
}

Async in widgets

The single most common Flutter bug: creating async work inside build.

• Cache Future and Stream on State. Recreate them in didUpdateWidget when their inputs change; never inline them in build.
• Handle every AsyncSnapshot state. Check connectionState, hasError, and hasData. Even an already-completed Future emits one waiting frame before its value.

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return FutureBuilder<User>(
    future: _user, // cached on State
    builder: (context, snap) {
      if (snap.connectionState != ConnectionState.done) {
        return const _Skeleton();
      }
      if (snap.hasError) return _ErrorView(error: snap.error!);
      final user = snap.requireData;
      return _UserCard(user: user);
    },
  );
}

StreamBuilder follows the same rule -- store the stream on State and cancel any owned subscriptions in dispose.

Navigation

• Use a declarative router (go_router or equivalent) for non-trivial apps. Plain Navigator.push(MaterialPageRoute(...)) is fine for prototypes and tiny apps.
• Typed results. Navigator.pop<T>(context, value) and await Navigator.push<T>(...) round-trip a typed value.
• PopScope<T> (Flutter 3.24+) replaces WillPopScope. Use it to intercept back gestures; access the popped result via the onPopInvokedWithResult callback.
• Page-backed routes deep-link cleanly; pageless routes (showDialog, Navigator.push outside the router) do not. Removing a page-backed route also drops the pageless routes attached to it.
• After await showDialog(...) (or any awaited navigation call), gate context with if (!context.mounted) return;.

final result = await context.push<bool>('/confirm');
if (!context.mounted) return;
if (result ?? false) ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(/* ... */);

Common antipatterns

• Logic or side effects in build. No API calls, no setState, no Future allocation, no controller construction.
• Mutating widget fields after construction. Widgets are immutable. Mutate State, not Widget.
• findAncestorStateOfType to call methods on a parent. Couples to tree shape, no reactivity. Pass a callback down or expose state through InheritedWidget/InheritedNotifier.
• Missing keys when reordering stateful list children. State follows position, not identity, without a key.
• Recreating controllers or futures per build. Always own them on State and dispose them.

Recent API drift

A few rename/replacement pairs you'll hit on modern Flutter (3.24+):

• Color.withOpacity(x) -> Color.withValues(alpha: x)
• MediaQuery.textScaleFactor -> TextScaler (MediaQuery.textScalerOf(context))
• MaterialState / MaterialStateProperty -> WidgetState / WidgetStateProperty
• RouteInformation.location -> RouteInformation.uri
• useMaterial3 defaults to true; pass false only to opt out.
• AppLifecycleState.hidden exists alongside inactive/paused/resumed/detached.
• WillPopScope -> PopScope<T> with onPopInvokedWithResult.

Source: Dynokostya/just-works — distributed by TomeVault.