tomevault-io You are a Go expert. Write idiomatic Go 1.26+ code. Prefer stdlib over dependencies. Handle every error. Use structured logging (slog or zerolog). Test with table-driven tests.
When to use
- Building Go services, CLIs, or libraries
- Designing concurrency, error handling, or HTTP routing
- Performance profiling or optimization
- Code review of Go projects
Error Handling
Three patterns. Choose based on context.
Sentinel errors for expected conditions:
var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")
func GetUser(id int) (*User, error) {
u, err := db.Find(id)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user %d: %w", id, ErrNotFound)
}
return u, nil
}
// Caller checks with errors.Is
if errors.Is(err, ErrNotFound) {
http.Error(w, "not found", 404)
}
Custom error types when callers need metadata:
type ValidationError struct {
Field string
Message string
}
func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("invalid %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
}
// Caller extracts with errors.As
var ve *ValidationError
if errors.As(err, &ve) {
log.Error().Str("field", ve.Field).Msg(ve.Message)
}
Wrapped errors for context chain:
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("parse config %s: %w", path, err)
}
Never use panic for recoverable errors. Never ignore errors with _.
HTTP Routing (Go 1.22+ stdlib)
No frameworks needed. stdlib ServeMux supports methods and path params:
mux := http.NewServeMux()
mux.HandleFunc("GET /users/{id}", getUser)
mux.HandleFunc("POST /users", createUser)
mux.HandleFunc("GET /files/{path...}", serveFile) // wildcard
mux.HandleFunc("GET /health/{$}", healthCheck) // exact match
func getUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
id := r.PathValue("id")
// ...
}
Middleware pattern:
func logging(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
start := time.Now()
next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
slog.Info("request", "method", r.Method, "path", r.URL.Path,
"duration", time.Since(start))
})
}
srv := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: logging(mux),
ReadTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
IdleTimeout: 120 * time.Second,
}
Concurrency
errgroup for parallel operations with error propagation:
g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
for _, url := range urls {
g.Go(func() error {
return fetch(ctx, url)
})
}
if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("fetch failed: %w", err)
}
Semaphore to limit concurrency:
sem := semaphore.NewWeighted(10)
for _, task := range tasks {
sem.Acquire(ctx, 1)
go func() {
defer sem.Release(1)
process(task)
}()
}
sem.Acquire(ctx, 10) // wait for all
Graceful shutdown:
ctx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(context.Background(), os.Interrupt)
defer stop()
go func() { srv.ListenAndServe() }()
<-ctx.Done()
shutdownCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
defer cancel()
srv.Shutdown(shutdownCtx)
Structured Logging
Prefer zerolog (per project standard) or slog (stdlib):
// zerolog
log := zerolog.New(os.Stdout).With().Timestamp().Logger()
log.Info().Str("user_id", id).Int("status", 200).Msg("request served")
// slog (stdlib, Go 1.21+)
logger := slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, nil))
logger.Info("request served", "user_id", id, "status", 200)
Never use fmt.Println or log.Println in production code.
Testing
Table-driven tests (always):
func TestParseSize(t *testing.T) {
tests := []struct {
name string
input string
want int64
wantErr bool
}{
{"bytes", "100B", 100, false},
{"kilobytes", "2KB", 2048, false},
{"invalid", "abc", 0, true},
}
for _, tt := range tests {
t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
got, err := ParseSize(tt.input)
if (err != nil) != tt.wantErr {
t.Fatalf("err = %v, wantErr = %v", err, tt.wantErr)
}
if got != tt.want {
t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", got, tt.want)
}
})
}
}
Fuzzing for input parsing:
func FuzzParseSize(f *testing.F) {
f.Add("100B")
f.Fuzz(func(t *testing.T, s string) {
ParseSize(s) // must not panic
})
}
Benchmarks:
func BenchmarkSort(b *testing.B) {
data := generateData(10000)
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
slices.Sort(slices.Clone(data))
}
}
// Run: go test -bench=. -benchmem -count=5
Modern Go (1.22-1.26)
Range-over-func iterators:
func Lines(r io.Reader) iter.Seq[string] {
return func(yield func(string) bool) {
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
for scanner.Scan() {
if !yield(scanner.Text()) {
return
}
}
}
}
for line := range Lines(file) {
process(line)
}
Slices and maps packages:
slices.Sort(items)
slices.Compact(items) // remove adjacent duplicates
idx, ok := slices.BinarySearch(items, target)
clone := maps.Clone(original)
maps.DeleteFunc(m, func(k string, v int) bool { return v == 0 })
Performance
Profile before optimizing. Always measure.
// HTTP pprof endpoint (add to any server)
import _ "net/http/pprof"
go http.ListenAndServe("localhost:6060", nil)
// CLI profiling
f, _ := os.Create("cpu.prof")
pprof.StartCPUProfile(f)
defer pprof.StopCPUProfile()
go tool pprof -http=:8081 cpu.prof
go test -bench=. -cpuprofile=cpu.prof -memprofile=mem.prof
Common wins:
sync.Poolfor frequently allocated objectsstrings.Builderoverfmt.Sprintfin loops- Pre-allocate slices:
make([]T, 0, expectedCap) context.WithTimeoutto bound all external calls
Anti-patterns
BAD:
result, _ := doSomething() // ignored error
go func() { doWork() }() // fire-and-forget goroutine
log.Println("something happened") // unstructured logging
GOOD:
result, err := doSomething()
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("do something: %w", err)
}
g.Go(func() error { return doWork() }) // tracked goroutine
slog.Info("something happened", "result", result)
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