Language Typescript

TypeScript / JavaScript

Strict mode or nothing

Enable in tsconfig.json:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
    "noImplicitOverride": true,
    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true
  }
}

Without these, types lie.

Prefer unknown over any

any turns off the type system. unknown forces narrowing.

function parse(input: unknown): User {
  if (!isUser(input)) throw new Error("invalid user");
  return input;
}

Discriminated unions over enums

Enums have runtime quirks and poor exhaustiveness. Use string-literal unions with a discriminant.

type Event =
  | { kind: "click"; x: number; y: number }
  | { kind: "submit"; form: FormData };

function handle(e: Event) {
  switch (e.kind) {
    case "click":  return trackClick(e.x, e.y);
    case "submit": return submit(e.form);
    default: {
      const _exhaustive: never = e; return _exhaustive;
    }
  }
}

Branded types for domain primitives

Stop UserId from being passed where an OrderId is expected.

type Brand<K, T> = K & { readonly __brand: T };
type UserId = Brand<string, "UserId">;
type OrderId = Brand<string, "OrderId">;
const makeUserId = (s: string): UserId => s as UserId;

Async patterns

• await everything that returns a promise. Floating promises silently swallow errors.
• Enable @typescript-eslint/no-floating-promises.
• Promise.all for all-or-fail; Promise.allSettled when partial failure is acceptable.
• Don't mix .then() chains with await in the same function.
• Timeouts belong on every external call. AbortController is the standard.

const ac = new AbortController();
const t = setTimeout(() => ac.abort(), 5_000);
try {
  const r = await fetch(url, { signal: ac.signal });
  return await r.json();
} finally {
  clearTimeout(t);
}

Structural typing gotchas

TypeScript types are shapes, not identities. Two unrelated types with the same fields are interchangeable. Brand when you need nominal behavior.

Error handling

• Throw Error subclasses, not strings.
• Catch unknown at boundaries; narrow before use.
• For domain code, consider Result<T, E>-style unions over throwing — explicit, typed, exhaustively handled.

Modules and imports

• ESM ("type": "module") in new projects.
• Absolute imports via paths in tsconfig; don't ship ../../../ ladders.
• Keep barrels (index.ts) shallow — deep barrels slow cold-start and break tree-shaking.

React / TSX notes

• ReactNode for children props. JSX.Element is narrower than you usually want.
• Avoid FC<Props> — it adds implicit children and breaks generic components. Prefer function Thing(props: Props) { ... }.
• useEffect only for synchronizing with external systems. Derived state belongs in render.

Testing

• Vitest or Jest — pick one.
• tsd or expectType for type-level tests of public APIs.
• Avoid snapshot tests of implementation details.

Avoid

• any, // @ts-ignore, as unknown as T in production code.
• Non-null assertions (!) without a comment explaining why.
• Object, Function, {} as types — they are never what you want.
• Classes where a function and a closure would do.

Source: 7vikfox/swe-workbench — distributed by TomeVault.