Email Workers Gotchas
Critical Issues
ReadableStream Single-Use
// ❌ WRONG: Stream consumed twice
const email = await PostalMime.parse(await new Response(message.raw).arrayBuffer())
const rawText = await new Response(message.raw).text() // EMPTY!
// ✅ CORRECT: Buffer first
const buffer = await new Response(message.raw).arrayBuffer()
const email = await PostalMime.parse(buffer)
const rawText = new TextDecoder().decode(buffer)
ctx.waitUntil() Errors Silent
// ❌ Errors dropped silently
ctx.waitUntil(fetch(webhookUrl, { method: 'POST', body: data }))
// ✅ Catch and log
ctx.waitUntil(
fetch(webhookUrl, { method: 'POST', body: data }).catch((err) =>
env.ERROR_LOG.put(`error:${Date.now()}`, err.message),
),
)
Security
Envelope vs Header From (Spoofing)
const envelopeFrom = message.from // SMTP MAIL FROM (trusted)
const headerFrom = (await PostalMime.parse(buffer)).from?.address // (untrusted)
// Use envelope for security decisions
Input Validation
if (message.rawSize > 5_000_000) {
message.setReject('Too large')
return
}
if ((message.headers.get('Subject') || '').length > 1000) {
message.setReject('Invalid subject')
return
}
DMARC for Replies
Replies fail silently without DMARC. Verify: dig TXT _dmarc.example.com
Parsing
Address Parsing
const email = await PostalMime.parse(buffer)
const fromAddress = email.from?.address || 'unknown'
const toAddresses = Array.isArray(email.to) ? email.to.map((t) => t.address) : [email.to?.address]
Character Encoding
Let postal-mime handle decoding - email.subject, email.text, email.html are UTF-8.
API Behavior
setReject() vs throw
// setReject() for SMTP rejection
if (blockList.includes(message.from)) {
message.setReject('Blocked')
return
}
// throw for worker errors
if (!env.KV) throw new Error('KV not configured')
forward() Only X-* Headers
headers.set('X-Processed-By', 'worker') // ✅ Works
headers.set('Subject', 'Modified') // ❌ Dropped
Reply Requires Verified Domain
// Use same domain as receiving address
const receivingDomain = message.to.split('@')[1]
await message.reply(new EmailMessage(`noreply@${receivingDomain}`, message.from, rawMime))
Performance
CPU Limit
// Skip parsing large emails
if (message.rawSize > 5_000_000) {
await message.forward('inbox@example.com')
return
}
Monitor: npx wrangler tail
Limits
| Limit | Value |
|---|---|
| Max message size | 25 MiB |
| Max rules/zone | 200 |
| CPU time (free/paid) | 10ms / 50ms |
| Reply References | 100 |
Common Errors
| Error | Fix |
|---|---|
| "Address not verified" | Add in Email Routing dashboard |
| "Exceeded CPU time" | Use ctx.waitUntil() or upgrade |
| "Stream is locked" | Buffer message.raw first |
| Silent reply failure | Check DMARC records |