tools-only Citations and Footnotes
Quarto uses Pandoc's citation system with support for BibTeX, CSL styles, and flexible citation formatting.
Citation Syntax
Basic Citations
According to @smith2020, the results indicate...
The study showed significant results [@smith2020].
Variations
| Syntax | Output |
|---|---|
@smith2020 |
Smith (2020) |
[@smith2020] |
(Smith 2020) |
[-@smith2020] |
(2020) - author suppressed |
@Smith2020 [p. 10] |
Smith (2020, p. 10) |
[@smith2020, p. 10] |
(Smith 2020, p. 10) |
Multiple Citations
Several studies [@smith2020; @jones2021] found...
[@smith2020; @jones2021; @williams2022]
Citation with Locators
@smith2020 [p. 33]
@smith2020 [chap. 2]
[@smith2020, pp. 10-15]
[@smith2020, fig. 3]
Common locators: p., pp., chap., sec., fig., eq., vol..
In-Text vs Parenthetical
@smith2020 says... → Smith (2020) says...
As shown by @smith2020... → As shown by Smith (2020)...
The results [@smith2020]... → The results (Smith 2020)...
Prefix and Suffix
[see @smith2020, pp. 10-15, for discussion]
→ (see Smith 2020, pp. 10-15, for discussion)
Bibliography Configuration
Basic Setup
bibliography: references.bib
Multiple Files
bibliography:
- references.bib
- additional.bib
BibTeX File Example
@article{smith2020,
author = {Smith, John},
title = {Article Title},
journal = {Journal Name},
year = {2020},
volume = {10},
pages = {1-20}
}
@book{jones2021,
author = {Jones, Sarah},
title = {Book Title},
publisher = {Publisher},
year = {2021}
}
Other Formats
Quarto supports:
- BibTeX (
.bib) - BibLaTeX (
.bib) - CSL JSON (
.json) - CSL YAML (
.yaml)
Citation Styles (CSL)
Specify CSL File
bibliography: references.bib
csl: apa.csl
Find CSL Files
Common Styles
csl: apa.csl # APA 7th edition
csl: chicago-author-date.csl
csl: ieee.csl
csl: nature.csl
csl: vancouver.csl
Bibliography Placement
By default, bibliography appears at end. Control placement:
## References
::: {#refs}
:::
## Appendix
Additional content after references.
Suppress Bibliography
suppress-bibliography: true
Footnotes
Inline Footnotes
This is text with a footnote.^[This is the footnote content.]
Reference Footnotes
This is text with a footnote.[^1]
[^1]: This is the footnote content.
Multi-Paragraph Footnotes
[^longnote]: This is a long footnote.
It has multiple paragraphs.
And can include code:
```{.r}
x <- 1
```
Citation Methods
Citeproc (Default)
Standard Pandoc citation processing:
bibliography: references.bib
BibLaTeX (PDF)
bibliography: references.bib
format:
pdf:
cite-method: biblatex
Natbib (PDF)
bibliography: references.bib
format:
pdf:
cite-method: natbib
Reference Section Title
reference-section-title: "References"
Or for other languages:
lang: de
reference-section-title: "Literaturverzeichnis"
Citation Links
Control hyperlinking:
link-citations: true # Link in-text to bibliography
link-bibliography: true # Link URLs in bibliography
Citation Processing Options
citeproc: true # Enable citation processing
citation-abbreviations: abbrev.json # Journal abbreviations
notes-after-punctuation: true
DOI and URL Handling
format:
html:
citations:
link-citations: true
pdf:
include-in-header:
- text: |
\usepackage{hyperref}
Footnote Location
Control where footnotes appear:
reference-location: document # End of document
reference-location: section # End of section
reference-location: block # End of block
reference-location: margin # In margin (if supported)
Citation Hover (HTML)
Enable hover previews:
format:
html:
citation-hover: true
Author-Date vs Numeric
Controlled by CSL style:
# Author-date style
csl: apa.csl
# Numeric style
csl: ieee.csl
Citing Software
@software{tidyverse,
author = {Wickham, Hadley},
title = {tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the 'Tidyverse'},
year = {2023},
url = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyverse}
}
Or use @Manual for R packages.