tools-only AJAX Security Cheat Sheet
Introduction
This document will provide a starting point for AJAX security and will hopefully be updated and expanded reasonably often to provide more detailed information about specific frameworks and technologies.
Client-Side (JavaScript)
Use innerHTML with extreme caution
Manipulating the Document Object Model (DOM) is common in web applications, especially in monolithic server-side rendering (e.g., PHP, ASP.NET) and AJAX-driven applications. While innerHTML seems like a convenient way to inject HTML content, it poses significant security risks on untrusted-data, particularly cross-site scripting (XSS).
What is innerHTML?
The innerHTML property sets or gets the HTML content of an element, including tags, which the browser parses and renders as part of the DOM. For example, setting innerHTML = "<p>Hello</p>" creates a paragraph element.
Why does innerHTML require extreme caution?
Using innerHTML with untrusted data (e.g., from API responses in AJAX) can allow malicious JavaScript to execute in the user’s browser, leading to XSS vulnerabilities. Potential risks include:
- Stealing user session cookies.
- Defacing the website.
- Redirecting users to malicious sites.
- Performing unauthorized actions (e.g., API calls on behalf of the user).
- Keylogging user inputs.
Vulnerable Example
document.getElementById('content').innerHTML = data;
// DANGER! The server may have returned a payload that executes scripts, for example: <img src=abc
When is innerHTML acceptable?
The fundamental security rule is to never use innerHTML with untrusted data. However, in limited cases, such as legacy monolithic applications with no viable alternatives, innerHTML may be used cautiously:
- Static, Hardcoded HTML: For small, fixed HTML snippets that are part of your application’s source code and contain no user input:
document.getElementById('footer').innerHTML = '<p>© 2025 My Company. All rights reserved.</p>';
- Sanitized HTML: For user-generated HTML (e.g., in rich text editors), sanitize with a library like DOMPurify before using innerHTML:
import DOMPurify from 'dompurify';
const userInput = '<img src=abc
document.getElementById('content').innerHTML = DOMPurify.sanitize(userInput); // Safe, removes malicious code
Alternatives
- Use Templating Engines (with auto-escaping) for reusable, structured HTML snippets.
- Use Modern Frameworks (React, Vue, Angular, Svelte) for complex applications. They standardize DOM manipulation, provide reactivity, and inherently handle sanitization for dynamic data. However, developers must avoid unsafe APIs (e.g.,
dangerouslySetInnerHTMLin React,[innerHTML]in Angular) to prevent XSS vulnerabilities.
Use of textContent or innerText for DOM updates (for text-only content)
In AJAX and monolithic server-side rendering applications (e.g., PHP, ASP.NET), dynamic Document Object Model (DOM) updates are common for rendering text-only content from APIs or user inputs.
What is textContent?
The textContent property sets or gets the plain text content of an element. It treats inserted HTML tags as literal text and does not parse them. It is ideal for most text-only updates, such as displaying user comments, etc.
const userInput = '<script>alert("OWASP")</script>';
document.getElementById('content').textContent = userInput; // Displays plain text
What is innerText?
The innerText property sets or gets the visible text content of an element, respecting CSS styling (e.g., ignoring text in display: none elements). It also reflects rendered text formatting, such as line breaks or spacing.
const userInput = 'OWASP';
document.getElementById('content').innerText = userInput;
When to Use textContent vs. innerText
- Use
textContent: Use textContent in monolithic applications to safely insert plain text content returned from APIs. - Use
innerText: Only when CSS visibility or rendered text formatting (e.g. ignoring text indisplay: noneelements) is required.
Note:
textContentis slightly faster and more predictable; use it unless you need to respect rendered text formatting (innerText).
Note
- While
textContentandinnerTextare safe for inserting plain text into the DOM, they do not protect against XSS in other contexts such as HTML attributes, JavaScript event handlers, or URLs. Always validate and sanitize untrusted input. - Modern Frameworks like React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte automatically update text-only content so there is no need to manually use
textContentorinnerText.
Don't use eval(), new Function() or other code evaluation tools
eval() function is dangerous, never use it. Needing to use eval() usually indicates a problem in your design.
Note: Using
eval()ornew Function()opens doors to remote code execution and XSS. Avoid it entirely.
Encode Data Before Use in an Output Context
When using data to build HTML, script, CSS, XML, JSON, etc., make sure you take into account how that data must be presented in a literal sense to keep its logical meaning.
Data should be properly encoded before being used in this manner to prevent injection style issues, and to make sure the logical meaning is preserved.
Check out the OWASP Java Encoder Project.
Don't rely on client logic for security
Don't forget that the user controls the client-side logic. A number of browser plugins are available to set breakpoints, skip code, change values, etc. Never rely on client logic for security.
Don't rely on client business logic
Just like the security one, make sure any interesting business rules/logic is duplicated on the server-side lest a user bypass this logic, leading to unexpected or costly behavior.
Avoid writing serialization code
This is hard and even a small mistake can cause large security issues. There are already a lot of frameworks to provide this functionality.
Refer to the JSON page for more info.
Avoid building XML or JSON dynamically
Just like building HTML or SQL you may cause XML injection bugs, so stay away from this or at least use an encoding library or safe JSON or XML library to make attributes and element data safe.
- XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention
- SQL Injection Prevention
Never transmit secrets to the client
Anything sent to the client can be read or modified by the user, so keep all that secret stuff on the server please.
Don't perform encryption in client-side code
Use TLS/SSL and encrypt on the server!
Don't perform security impacting logic on client-side
This principle serves as a fail-safe—if a security decision is ambiguous, default to performing it on the server.
Server-Side
Use CSRF Protection
Take a look at the Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Prevention cheat sheet.
Protect against JSON hijacking for older browsers
Review AngularJS JSON hijacking defense mechanism
See the JSON Vulnerability Protection section of the AngularJS documentation.
Always return JSON with an object on the outside
Always have the outside primitive be an object for JSON strings:
Exploitable:
[{"object": "inside an array"}]
Not exploitable:
{"object": "not inside an array"}
Also not exploitable:
{"result": [{"object": "inside an array"}]}
Avoid writing serialization code server-side
Remember ref vs. value types! Look for an existing library that has been reviewed.
Services can be called by users directly
Even though you only expect your AJAX client-side code to call those services, a malicious user can also call them directly.
Make sure you validate inputs and treat them like they are under user control (because they are!).
Avoid building XML or JSON by hand, use the framework
Use the framework and be safe, do it by hand and have security issues.
Use JSON and XML schema for web services
You need to use a third-party library to validate web services.