Ortholog Inference
OrthoFinder Workflow
'''Ortholog inference with OrthoFinder'''
import subprocess
import pandas as pd
import os
def run_orthofinder(proteome_dir, output_dir=None, threads=4):
'''Run OrthoFinder on directory of proteomes
Input: Directory with one FASTA file per species
File naming: Species name derived from filename
OrthoFinder performs:
1. All-vs-all DIAMOND/BLAST
2. Gene tree inference
3. Species tree inference
4. Ortholog/paralog classification
'''
cmd = f'orthofinder -f {proteome_dir} -t {threads}'
if output_dir:
cmd += f' -o {output_dir}'
# -M msa: Use MSA for gene trees (more accurate but slower)
# -S diamond: Fast search (default)
# -S blast: More sensitive search
result = subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True)
# Output location
if output_dir:
results_dir = output_dir
else:
# OrthoFinder creates Results_MonDD in proteome_dir
results_dir = None
for d in os.listdir(proteome_dir):
if d.startswith('OrthoFinder/Results_'):
results_dir = os.path.join(proteome_dir, d)
break
return results_dir
def parse_orthogroups(orthogroups_file):
'''Parse OrthoFinder Orthogroups.tsv
Columns: Orthogroup, Species1, Species2, ...
Values: Gene IDs (comma-separated if multiple)
Orthogroup types:
- Single-copy: One gene per species (ideal for phylogenomics)
- Multi-copy: Duplications in some lineages
- Species-specific: Genes unique to one species
'''
df = pd.read_csv(orthogroups_file, sep='\t')
df = df.set_index('Orthogroup')
orthogroups = {}
for og_id, row in df.iterrows():
genes = {}
for species in df.columns:
cell = row[species]
if pd.notna(cell) and cell:
genes[species] = cell.split(', ')
else:
genes[species] = []
orthogroups[og_id] = genes
return orthogroups
def classify_orthogroups(orthogroups, species_list):
'''Classify orthogroups by copy number pattern
Categories:
- single_copy: Exactly one gene per species (best for phylogenomics)
- universal: Present in all species (possibly multicopy)
- partial: Missing from some species
- species_specific: Only in one species
'''
classification = {
'single_copy': [],
'universal': [],
'partial': [],
'species_specific': []
}
for og_id, genes in orthogroups.items():
present_in = [sp for sp in species_list if genes.get(sp)]
copy_counts = [len(genes.get(sp, [])) for sp in species_list]
if len(present_in) == 1:
classification['species_specific'].append(og_id)
elif len(present_in) == len(species_list):
if all(c == 1 for c in copy_counts):
classification['single_copy'].append(og_id)
else:
classification['universal'].append(og_id)
else:
classification['partial'].append(og_id)
return classification
def get_single_copy_orthologs(orthogroups_file):
'''Extract single-copy orthologs for phylogenomics
Single-copy orthologs are ideal because:
- Clear 1:1 relationships
- No paralogy complications
- Suitable for concatenated alignments
'''
df = pd.read_csv(orthogroups_file, sep='\t')
df = df.set_index('Orthogroup')
single_copy = []
for og_id, row in df.iterrows():
is_single = True
for species in df.columns:
cell = row[species]
if pd.isna(cell) or cell == '':
is_single = False
break
if ',' in str(cell):
is_single = False
break
if is_single:
single_copy.append(og_id)
return df.loc[single_copy]
Gene Trees and Reconciliation
def parse_gene_trees(gene_trees_dir):
'''Load gene trees from OrthoFinder
Gene trees show evolutionary history within orthogroups
Duplication/loss events inferred by species tree reconciliation
'''
from Bio import Phylo
import glob
trees = {}
for tree_file in glob.glob(f'{gene_trees_dir}/*.txt'):
og_id = os.path.basename(tree_file).replace('_tree.txt', '')
trees[og_id] = Phylo.read(tree_file, 'newick')
return trees
def identify_paralogs(orthogroup, species):
'''Identify in-paralogs within an orthogroup
In-paralogs: Duplications after speciation (within-species)
Out-paralogs: Duplications before speciation (between-species)
Multiple genes from same species in an orthogroup are in-paralogs
'''
genes = orthogroup.get(species, [])
if len(genes) > 1:
return {
'species': species,
'paralogs': genes,
'count': len(genes)
}
return None
def find_co_orthologs(orthogroups, gene_id, species):
'''Find co-orthologs of a gene
Co-orthologs: Multiple genes in one species that are
all orthologous to a single gene in another species
Result of gene duplication after speciation
'''
for og_id, genes in orthogroups.items():
if gene_id in genes.get(species, []):
co_orthologs = {}
for sp, sp_genes in genes.items():
if sp != species and sp_genes:
co_orthologs[sp] = sp_genes
return {'orthogroup': og_id, 'co_orthologs': co_orthologs}
return None
ProteinOrtho Alternative
def run_proteinortho(proteome_files, output_prefix, threads=4):
'''Run ProteinOrtho for ortholog detection
Faster than OrthoFinder for many genomes
Uses synteny information if available
-p=blastp+: Use DIAMOND (faster)
-conn: Connectivity threshold (default 0.1)
'''
files_str = ' '.join(proteome_files)
cmd = f'proteinortho -cpus={threads} -project={output_prefix} {files_str}'
subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True)
return f'{output_prefix}.proteinortho.tsv'
def parse_proteinortho(ortho_file):
'''Parse ProteinOrtho output
Columns: # Species, Genes, Alg.-Conn., Species1, Species2, ...
'''
df = pd.read_csv(ortho_file, sep='\t')
orthogroups = {}
for i, row in df.iterrows():
og_id = f'OG{i:06d}'
n_species = row['# Species']
conn = row['Alg.-Conn.']
genes = {}
for col in df.columns[3:]:
val = row[col]
if pd.notna(val) and val != '*':
genes[col] = val.split(',')
else:
genes[col] = []
orthogroups[og_id] = {
'genes': genes,
'n_species': n_species,
'connectivity': conn
}
return orthogroups
Functional Annotation Transfer
def transfer_annotation(query_gene, orthologs, annotation_db):
'''Transfer functional annotation via orthology
Annotation transfer guidelines:
- Single-copy orthologs: High confidence transfer
- Co-orthologs: Transfer to all, note potential subfunctionalization
- In-paralogs: Transfer with caution (may have diverged function)
Evidence codes:
- IEA: Inferred from Electronic Annotation
- ISO: Inferred from Sequence Orthology
'''
annotations = []
for species, genes in orthologs.items():
for gene in genes:
if gene in annotation_db:
ann = annotation_db[gene]
annotations.append({
'source_gene': gene,
'source_species': species,
'annotation': ann,
'evidence': 'ISO' # Sequence orthology
})
return annotations
Related Skills
- comparative-genomics/synteny-analysis - Synteny-based ortholog verification
- comparative-genomics/positive-selection - Selection analysis on orthologs
- phylogenetics/modern-tree-inference - Build trees from single-copy orthologs
- alignment/pairwise-alignment - Align orthogroup sequences
tools-only