How it works

Thought signatures are encrypted representations of the model's internal thought process and are used to preserve reasoning context across multi-step interactions. When using thinking models (such as the Gemini 3 and 2.5 series), the API may return athoughtSignaturefield within thecontent partsof the response (e.g.,textorfunctionCallparts).

As a general rule, if you receive a thought signature in a model response, you should pass it back exactly as received when sending the conversation history in the next turn.When using Gemini 3 models, you must pass back thought signatures during function calling, otherwise you will get a validation error (4xx status code). This includes when using theminimalthinking levelsetting for Gemini 3 Flash. | Note: If you use the officialGoogle Gen AI SDKsand use the chat feature (or append the full model response object directly to history),thought signatures are handled automatically. You do not need to manually extract or manage them, or change your code.

How it works

The graphic below visualizes the meaning of "turn" and "step" as they pertain tofunction callingin the Gemini API. A "turn" is a single, complete exchange in a conversation between a user and a model. A "step" is a finer-grained action or operation performed by the model, often as part of a larger process to complete a turn.

This document focuses on handling function calling for Gemini 3 models. Refer to themodel behaviorsection for discrepancies with 2.5.

Gemini 3 returns thought signatures for all model responses (responses from the API) with a function call. Thought signatures show up in the following cases:

• When there areparallel functioncalls, the first function call part returned by the model response will have a thought signature.
• When there are sequential function calls (multi-step), each function call will have a signature and you must pass all signatures back.
• Model responses without a function call will return a thought signature inside the last part returned by the model.

The following table provides a visualization for multi-step function calls, combining the definitions of turns and steps with the concept of signatures introduced above:

|----------|----------|-------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------| | Turn | Step | User Request | Model Response | FunctionResponse | | 1 | 1 | request1 = user_prompt | FC1 + signature | FR1 | | 1 | 2 | request2 = request1 + (FC1 + signature) + FR1 | FC2 + signature | FR2 | | 1 | 3 | request3 = request2 + (FC2 + signature) + FR2 | text_output (no FCs) | None |

Signatures in function calling parts

When Gemini generates afunctionCall, it relies on thethought_signatureto process the tool's output correctly in the next turn.

• Behavior :
  • Single Function Call : ThefunctionCallpart will contain athought_signature.
  • Parallel Function Calls : If the model generates parallel function calls in a response, thethought_signatureis attachedonly to the first functionCallpart. SubsequentfunctionCallparts in the same response willnotcontain a signature.
• Requirement : Youmustreturn this signature in the exact part where it was received when sending the conversation history back.
• Validation : Strict validation is enforced for all function calls within the current turn . (Only current turn is required; we don't validate on previous turns)
  • The API goes back in the history (newest to oldest) to find the most recentUser message that contains standard content (e.g.,text) ( which would be the start of the current turn). This will notbe afunctionResponse.
  • All modelfunctionCallturns occurring after that specific use message are considered part of the turn.
  • Thefirst functionCallpart ineach step of the current turnmust include itsthought_signature.
  • If you omit athought_signaturefor the firstfunctionCallpart in any step of the current turn, the request will fail with a 400 error.
• If proper signatures are not returned, here is how you will error out
  • gemini-3-pro-previewandgemini-3-flash-preview: Failure to include signatures will result in a 400 error. The verbiage will be of the form:
    • Function call<Function Call>in the<index of contents array>content block is missing athought_signature. For example,Function callFC1in the1.content block is missing athought_signature.

Sequential function calling example

This section shows an example of multiple function calls where the user asks a complex question requiring multiple tasks.

Let's walk through a multiple-turn function calling example where the user asks a complex question requiring multiple tasks:"Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi if delayed".

|----------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------| | Turn | Step | User Request | Model Response | FunctionResponse | | 1 | 1 | request1="Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed." | FC1 ("check_flight") + signature | FR1 | | 1 | 2 | request2 =request1+ FC1 ("check_flight") + signature + FR1 | FC2("book_taxi") + signature | FR2 | | 1 | 3 | request3 =request2+ FC2 ("book_taxi") + signature + FR2 | text_output (no FCs) | None |

The following code illustrates the sequence in the above table.

Turn 1, Step 1 (User request)

{
  "contents": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "parts": [
        {
          "text": "Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "tools": [
    {
      "functionDeclarations": [
        {
          "name": "check_flight",
          "description": "Gets the current status of a flight",
          "parameters": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "flight": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The flight number to check"
              }
            },
            "required": [
              "flight"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "name": "book_taxi",
          "description": "Book a taxi",
          "parameters": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "time": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "time to book the taxi"
              }
            },
            "required": [
              "time"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Turn 1, Step 1 (Model response)

{
"content": {
        "role": "model",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionCall": {
              "name": "check_flight",
              "args": {
                "flight": "AA100"
              }
            },
            "thoughtSignature": "<Signature A>"
          }
        ]
  }
}

Turn 1, Step 2 (User response - Sending tool outputs) Since this user turn only contains afunctionResponse(no fresh text), we are still in Turn 1. We must preserve<Signature_A>.

{
      "role": "user",
      "parts": [
        {
          "text": "Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
        "role": "model",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionCall": {
              "name": "check_flight",
              "args": {
                "flight": "AA100"
              }
            },
            "thoughtSignature": "<Signature A>" //Required and Validated
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "role": "user",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionResponse": {
              "name": "check_flight",
              "response": {
                "status": "delayed",
                "departure_time": "12 PM"
                }
              }
            }
        ]
}

**Turn 1, Step 2 (Model)**The model now decides to book a taxi based on the previous tool output.

{
      "content": {
        "role": "model",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionCall": {
              "name": "book_taxi",
              "args": {
                "time": "10 AM"
              }
            },
            "thoughtSignature": "<Signature B>"
          }
        ]
      }
}

Turn 1, Step 3 (User - Sending tool output) To send the taxi booking confirmation, we must include signatures forALL function calls in this loop (<Signature A>+<Signature B>).

{
      "role": "user",
      "parts": [
        {
          "text": "Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
        "role": "model",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionCall": {
              "name": "check_flight",
              "args": {
                "flight": "AA100"
              }
            },
            "thoughtSignature": "<Signature A>" //Required and Validated
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "role": "user",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionResponse": {
              "name": "check_flight",
              "response": {
                "status": "delayed",
                "departure_time": "12 PM"
              }
              }
            }
        ]
      },
      {
        "role": "model",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionCall": {
              "name": "book_taxi",
              "args": {
                "time": "10 AM"
              }
            },
            "thoughtSignature": "<Signature B>" //Required and Validated
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "role": "user",
        "parts": [
          {
            "functionResponse": {
              "name": "book_taxi",
              "response": {
                "booking_status": "success"
              }
              }
            }
        ]
    }
}

Parallel function calling example

Let's walk through a parallel function calling example where the users asks"Check weather in Paris and London"to see where the model does validation.

The following code illustrates the sequence in the above table.

Turn 1, Step 1 (User request)

{
  "contents": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "parts": [
        {
          "text": "Check the weather in Paris and London."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "tools": [
    {
      "functionDeclarations": [
        {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "description": "Gets the current temperature for a given location.",
          "parameters": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "location": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The city name, e.g. San Francisco"
              }
            },
            "required": [
              "location"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Turn 1, Step 1 (Model response)

{
  "content": {
    "parts": [
      {
        "functionCall": {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "args": {
            "location": "Paris"
          }
        },
        "thoughtSignature": "<Signature_A>"// INCLUDED on First FC
      },
      {
        "functionCall": {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "args": {
            "location": "London"
          }// NO signature on subsequent parallel FCs
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

Turn 1, Step 2 (User response - Sending tool outputs) We must preserve<Signature_A>on the first part exactly as received.

[
  {
    "role": "user",
    "parts": [
      {
        "text": "Check the weather in Paris and London."
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "role": "model",
    "parts": [
      {
        "functionCall": {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "args": {
            "city": "Paris"
          }
        },
        "thought_signature": "<Signature_A>" // MUST BE INCLUDED
      },
      {
        "functionCall": {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "args": {
            "city": "London"
          }
        }
      } // NO SIGNATURE FIELD
    ]
  },
  {
    "role": "user",
    "parts": [
      {
        "functionResponse": {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "response": {
            "temp": "15C"
          }
        }
      },
      {
        "functionResponse": {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "response": {
            "temp": "12C"
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  }
]

Signatures in nonfunctionCallparts

Gemini may also returnthought_signaturesin the final part of the response in non-function-call parts.

• Behavior : The final content part (text, inlineData...) returned by the model may contain athought_signature.
• Recommendation : Returning these signatures isrecommendedto ensure the model maintains high-quality reasoning, especially for complex instruction following or simulated agentic workflows.
• Validation : The API doesnotstrictly enforce validation. You won't receive a blocking error if you omit them, though performance may degrade.

Text/In-context reasoning (No validation)

Turn 1, Step 1 (Model response)

{
  "role": "model",
  "parts": [
    {
      "text": "I need to calculate the risk. Let me think step-by-step...",
      "thought_signature": "<Signature_C>" // OPTIONAL (Recommended)
    }
  ]
}

Turn 2, Step 1 (User)

[
  { "role": "user", "parts": [{ "text": "What is the risk?" }] },
  {
    "role": "model",
    "parts": [
      {
        "text": "I need to calculate the risk. Let me think step-by-step...",
        // If you omit <Signature_C> here, no error will occur.
      }
    ]
  },
  { "role": "user", "parts": [{ "text": "Summarize it." }] }
]

Signatures for OpenAI compatibility

The following examples shows how to handle thought signatures for a chat completion API usingOpenAI compatibility.

Sequential function calling example

This is an example of multiple function calling where the user asks a complex question requiring multiple tasks.

Let's walk through a multiple-turn function calling example where the user asksCheck flight status for AA100 and book a taxi if delayedand you can see what happens when the user asks a complex question requiring multiple tasks.

|----------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|----------------------| | Turn | Step | User Request | Model Response | FunctionResponse | | 1 | 1 | request1="Check the weather in Paris and London" | FC1 ("Paris") + signature FC2 ("London") | FR1 | | 1 | 2 | request 2 =request1+ FC1 ("Paris") + signature + FC2 ("London") | text_output (no FCs) | None |

The following code walks through the given sequence.

Turn 1, Step 1 (User Request)

{
  "model": "google/gemini-3-pro-preview",
  "messages": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "content": "Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed."
    }
  ],
  "tools": [
    {
      "type": "function",
      "function": {
        "name": "check_flight",
        "description": "Gets the current status of a flight",
        "parameters": {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "flight": {
              "type": "string",
              "description": "The flight number to check."
            }
          },
          "required": [
            "flight"
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "function",
      "function": {
        "name": "book_taxi",
        "description": "Book a taxi",
        "parameters": {
          "type": "object",
          "properties": {
            "time": {
              "type": "string",
              "description": "time to book the taxi"
            }
          },
          "required": [
            "time"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

Turn 1, Step 1 (Model Response)

{
      "role": "model",
        "tool_calls": [
          {
            "extra_content": {
              "google": {
                "thought_signature": "<Signature A>"
              }
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"flight\":\"AA100\"}",
              "name": "check_flight"
            },
            "id": "function-call-1",
            "type": "function"
          }
        ]
    }

Turn 1, Step 2 (User Response - Sending Tool Outputs)

Since this user turn only contains afunctionResponse(no fresh text), we are still in Turn 1 and must preserve<Signature_A>.

"messages": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "content": "Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed."
    },
    {
      "role": "model",
        "tool_calls": [
          {
            "extra_content": {
              "google": {
                "thought_signature": "<Signature A>" //Required and Validated
              }
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"flight\":\"AA100\"}",
              "name": "check_flight"
            },
            "id": "function-call-1",
            "type": "function"
          }
        ]
    },
    {
      "role": "tool",
      "name": "check_flight",
      "tool_call_id": "function-call-1",
      "content": "{\"status\":\"delayed\",\"departure_time\":\"12 PM\"}"  
    }
  ]

Turn 1, Step 2 (Model)

The model now decides to book a taxi based on the previous tool output.

{
"role": "model",
"tool_calls": [
{
"extra_content": {
"google": {
"thought_signature": "<Signature B>"
}
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"time\":\"10 AM\"}",
              "name": "book_taxi"
            },
            "id": "function-call-2",
            "type": "function"
          }
       ]
}

Turn 1, Step 3 (User - Sending Tool Output)

To send the taxi booking confirmation, we must include signatures for ALL function calls in this loop (<Signature A>+<Signature B>).

"messages": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "content": "Check flight status for AA100 and book a taxi 2 hours before if delayed."
    },
    {
      "role": "model",
        "tool_calls": [
          {
            "extra_content": {
              "google": {
                "thought_signature": "<Signature A>" //Required and Validated
              }
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"flight\":\"AA100\"}",
              "name": "check_flight"
            },
            "id": "function-call-1d6a1a61-6f4f-4029-80ce-61586bd86da5",
            "type": "function"
          }
        ]
    },
    {
      "role": "tool",
      "name": "check_flight",
      "tool_call_id": "function-call-1d6a1a61-6f4f-4029-80ce-61586bd86da5",
      "content": "{\"status\":\"delayed\",\"departure_time\":\"12 PM\"}"  
    },
    {
      "role": "model",
        "tool_calls": [
          {
            "extra_content": {
              "google": {
                "thought_signature": "<Signature B>" //Required and Validated
              }
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"time\":\"10 AM\"}",
              "name": "book_taxi"
            },
            "id": "function-call-65b325ba-9b40-4003-9535-8c7137b35634",
            "type": "function"
          }
        ]
    },
    {
      "role": "tool",
      "name": "book_taxi",
      "tool_call_id": "function-call-65b325ba-9b40-4003-9535-8c7137b35634",
      "content": "{\"booking_status\":\"success\"}"
    }
  ]

Parallel function calling example

Let's walk through a parallel function calling example where the users asks"Check weather in Paris and London"and you can see where the model does validation.

|----------|----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|----------------------| | Turn | Step | User Request | Model Response | FunctionResponse | | 1 | 1 | request1="Check the weather in Paris and London" | FC1 ("Paris") + signature FC2 ("London") | FR1 | | 1 | 2 | request 2 =request1+ FC1 ("Paris") + signature + FC2 ("London") | text_output (no FCs) | None |

Here's the code to walk through the given sequence.

Turn 1, Step 1 (User Request)

{
  "contents": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "parts": [
        {
          "text": "Check the weather in Paris and London."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "tools": [
    {
      "functionDeclarations": [
        {
          "name": "get_current_temperature",
          "description": "Gets the current temperature for a given location.",
          "parameters": {
            "type": "object",
            "properties": {
              "location": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The city name, e.g. San Francisco"
              }
            },
            "required": [
              "location"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Turn 1, Step 1 (Model Response)

{
"role": "assistant",
        "tool_calls": [
          {
            "extra_content": {
              "google": {
                "thought_signature": "<Signature A>" //Signature returned
              }
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"location\":\"Paris\"}",
              "name": "get_current_temperature"
            },
            "id": "function-call-f3b9ecb3-d55f-4076-98c8-b13e9d1c0e01",
            "type": "function"
          },
          {
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"location\":\"London\"}",
              "name": "get_current_temperature"
            },
            "id": "function-call-335673ad-913e-42d1-bbf5-387c8ab80f44",
            "type": "function" // No signature on Parallel FC
          }
        ]
}

Turn 1, Step 2 (User Response - Sending Tool Outputs)

You must preserve<Signature_A>on the first part exactly as received.

"messages": [
    {
      "role": "user",
      "content": "Check the weather in Paris and London."
    },
    {
      "role": "assistant",
        "tool_calls": [
          {
            "extra_content": {
              "google": {
                "thought_signature": "<Signature A>" //Required
              }
            },
            "function": {
              "arguments": "{\"location\":\"Paris\"}",
              "name": "get_current_temperature"
            },
            "id": "function-call-f3b9ecb3-d55f-4076-98c8-b13e9d1c0e01",
            "type": "function"
          },
          {
            "function": { //No Signature
              "arguments": "{\"location\":\"London\"}",
              "name": "get_current_temperature"
            },
            "id": "function-call-335673ad-913e-42d1-bbf5-387c8ab80f44",
            "type": "function"
          }
        ]
    },
    {
      "role":"tool",
      "name": "get_current_temperature",
      "tool_call_id": "function-call-f3b9ecb3-d55f-4076-98c8-b13e9d1c0e01",
      "content": "{\"temp\":\"15C\"}"
    },  
    {
      "role":"tool",
      "name": "get_current_temperature",
      "tool_call_id": "function-call-335673ad-913e-42d1-bbf5-387c8ab80f44",
      "content": "{\"temp\":\"12C\"}"
    }
  ]

FAQs

1. How do I transfer history from a different model to Gemini 3 with a function call part in the current turn and step? I need to provide function call parts that were not generated by the API and therefore don't have an associated thought signature?

   While injecting custom function call blocks into the request is strongly discouraged, in cases where it can't be avoided, e.g. providing information to the model on function calls and responses that were executed deterministically by the client, or transferring a trace from a different model that does not include thought signatures, you can set the following dummy signatures of either"context_engineering_is_the_way_to_go"or"skip_thought_signature_validator"in the thought signature field to skip validation.

2. I am sending back interleaved parallel function calls and responses and the API is returning a 400. Why?

   When the API returns parallel function calls "FC1 + signature, FC2", the user response expected is "FC1+ signature, FC2, FR1, FR2". If you have them interleaved as "FC1 + signature, FR1, FC2, FR2" the API will return a 400 error.

3. When streaming and the model is not returning a function call I can't find the thought signature

   During a model response not containing a FC with a streaming request, the model may return the thought signature in a part with an empty text content part. It is advisable to parse the entire request until thefinish_reasonis returned by the model.

Thought signatures for different models

Gemini 3 Pro and Flash, Gemini 3 Pro Image and Gemini 2.5 models each behave differently with thought signatures. For Gemini 3 Pro Image see the thinking process section of theimage generationguide.

Gemini 3 models and Gemini 2.5 models behave differently with thought signatures in function calls:

• If there are function calls in a response,
  • Gemini 3 will always have the signature on the first function call part. It ismandatoryto return that part.
  • Gemini 2.5 will have the signature in the first part (regardless of type). It isoptionalto return that part.
• If there are no function calls in a response,
  • Gemini 3 will have the signature on the last part if the model generates a thought.
  • Gemini 2.5 won't have a signature in any part.

For Gemini 2.5 models thought signature behavior, refer to theThinkingpage.