IOS Design Guidelines

iOS Design Guidelines for iPhone

Comprehensive rules derived from Apple's Human Interface Guidelines. Apply these when building, reviewing, or refactoring any iPhone app interface.

1. Layout & Safe Areas

Impact: CRITICAL

Rule 1.1: Minimum 44pt Touch Targets

All interactive elements must have a minimum tap target of 44x44 points. This includes buttons, links, toggles, and custom controls.

Correct:

Button("Save") { save() }
    .frame(minWidth: 44, minHeight: 44)

Incorrect:

// 20pt icon with no padding — too small to tap reliably
Button(action: save) {
    Image(systemName: "checkmark")
        .font(.system(size: 20))
}
// Missing .frame(minWidth: 44, minHeight: 44)

Rule 1.2: Respect Safe Areas

Never place interactive or essential content under the status bar, Dynamic Island, or home indicator. Use SwiftUI's automatic safe area handling or UIKit's safeAreaLayoutGuide.

Correct:

struct ContentView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Text("Content")
        }
        // SwiftUI respects safe areas by default
    }
}

Incorrect:

struct ContentView: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack {
            Text("Content")
        }
        .ignoresSafeArea() // Content will be clipped under notch/Dynamic Island
    }
}

Use .ignoresSafeArea() only for background fills, images, or decorative elements — never for text or interactive controls.

Rule 1.3: Primary Actions in the Thumb Zone

Place primary actions at the bottom of the screen where the user's thumb naturally rests. Secondary actions and navigation belong at the top.

Correct:

VStack {
    ScrollView { /* content */ }
    Button("Continue") { next() }
        .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
        .padding()
}

Incorrect:

VStack {
    Button("Continue") { next() } // Top of screen — hard to reach one-handed
        .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
        .padding()
    ScrollView { /* content */ }
}

Rule 1.4: Support All iPhone Screen Sizes

Design for iPhone SE (375pt wide) through iPhone Pro Max (430pt wide). Use flexible layouts, avoid hardcoded widths.

Correct:

HStack(spacing: 12) {
    ForEach(items) { item in
        CardView(item: item)
            .frame(maxWidth: .infinity) // Adapts to screen width
    }
}

Incorrect:

HStack(spacing: 12) {
    ForEach(items) { item in
        CardView(item: item)
            .frame(width: 180) // Breaks on SE, wastes space on Pro Max
    }
}

Rule 1.5: 8pt Grid Alignment

Align spacing, padding, and element sizes to multiples of 8 points (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48). Use 4pt for fine adjustments.

Rule 1.6: Landscape Support

Support landscape orientation unless the app is task-specific (e.g., camera). Use ViewThatFits or GeometryReader for adaptive layouts.

2. Navigation

Impact: CRITICAL

Rule 2.1: Tab Bar for Top-Level Sections

Use a tab bar at the bottom of the screen for 3 to 5 top-level sections. Each tab should represent a distinct category of content or functionality.

Correct:

TabView {
    HomeView()
        .tabItem {
            Label("Home", systemImage: "house")
        }
    SearchView()
        .tabItem {
            Label("Search", systemImage: "magnifyingglass")
        }
    ProfileView()
        .tabItem {
            Label("Profile", systemImage: "person")
        }
}

Incorrect:

// Hamburger menu hidden behind three lines — discoverability is near zero
NavigationView {
    Button(action: { showMenu.toggle() }) {
        Image(systemName: "line.horizontal.3")
    }
}

Rule 2.2: Never Use Hamburger Menus

Hamburger (drawer) menus hide navigation, reduce discoverability, and violate iOS conventions. Use a tab bar instead. If you have more than 5 sections, consolidate or use a "More" tab.

Rule 2.3: Large Titles in Primary Views

Use .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.large) for top-level views. Titles transition to inline (.inline) when the user scrolls.

Correct:

NavigationStack {
    List(items) { item in
        ItemRow(item: item)
    }
    .navigationTitle("Messages")
    .navigationBarTitleDisplayMode(.large)
}

Rule 2.4: Never Override Back Swipe

The swipe-from-left-edge gesture for back navigation is a system-level expectation. Never attach custom gesture recognizers that interfere with it.

Incorrect:

.gesture(
    DragGesture()
        .onChanged { /* custom drawer */ } // Conflicts with system back swipe
)

Rule 2.5: Use NavigationStack for Hierarchical Content

Use NavigationStack (not the deprecated NavigationView) for drill-down content. Use NavigationPath for programmatic navigation.

Correct:

NavigationStack(path: $path) {
    List(items) { item in
        NavigationLink(value: item) {
            ItemRow(item: item)
        }
    }
    .navigationDestination(for: Item.self) { item in
        ItemDetail(item: item)
    }
}

Rule 2.6: Preserve State Across Navigation

When users navigate back and then forward, or switch tabs, restore the previous scroll position and input state. Use @SceneStorage or @State to persist view state.

3. Typography & Dynamic Type

Impact: HIGH

Rule 3.1: Use Built-in Text Styles

Always use semantic text styles rather than hardcoded sizes. These scale automatically with Dynamic Type.

Correct:

VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
    Text("Section Title")
        .font(.headline)
    Text("Body content that explains the section.")
        .font(.body)
    Text("Last updated 2 hours ago")
        .font(.caption)
        .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
}

Incorrect:

VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 4) {
    Text("Section Title")
        .font(.system(size: 17, weight: .semibold)) // Won't scale with Dynamic Type
    Text("Body content")
        .font(.system(size: 15)) // Won't scale with Dynamic Type
}

Rule 3.2: Support Dynamic Type Including Accessibility Sizes

Dynamic Type can scale text up to approximately 200% at the largest accessibility sizes. Layouts must reflow — never truncate or clip essential text.

Correct:

HStack {
    Image(systemName: "star")
    Text("Favorites")
        .font(.body)
}
// At accessibility sizes, consider using ViewThatFits or
// AnyLayout to switch from HStack to VStack

Use @Environment(\.dynamicTypeSize) to detect size category and adapt layouts:

@Environment(\.dynamicTypeSize) var dynamicTypeSize

var body: some View {
    if dynamicTypeSize.isAccessibilitySize {
        VStack { content }
    } else {
        HStack { content }
    }
}

Rule 3.3: Custom Fonts Must Use UIFontMetrics

If you use a custom typeface, scale it with UIFontMetrics so it responds to Dynamic Type.

Correct:

extension Font {
    static func scaledCustom(size: CGFloat, relativeTo textStyle: Font.TextStyle) -> Font {
        .custom("CustomFont-Regular", size: size, relativeTo: textStyle)
    }
}

// Usage
Text("Hello")
    .font(.scaledCustom(size: 17, relativeTo: .body))

Rule 3.4: SF Pro as System Font

Use the system font (SF Pro) unless brand requirements dictate otherwise. SF Pro is optimized for legibility on Apple displays.

Rule 3.5: Minimum 11pt Text

Never display text smaller than 11pt. Prefer 17pt for body text. Use the caption2 style (11pt) as the absolute minimum.

Rule 3.6: Hierarchy Through Weight and Size

Establish visual hierarchy through font weight and size. Do not rely solely on color to differentiate text levels.

4. Color & Dark Mode

Impact: HIGH

Rule 4.1: Use Semantic System Colors

Use system-provided semantic colors that automatically adapt to light and dark modes.

Correct:

Text("Primary text")
    .foregroundStyle(.primary) // Adapts to light/dark

Text("Secondary info")
    .foregroundStyle(.secondary)

VStack { }
    .background(Color(.systemBackground)) // White in light, black in dark

Incorrect:

Text("Primary text")
    .foregroundColor(.black) // Invisible on dark backgrounds

VStack { }
    .background(.white) // Blinding in Dark Mode

Rule 4.2: Provide Light and Dark Variants for Custom Colors

Define custom colors in the asset catalog with both Any Appearance and Dark Appearance variants.

// In Assets.xcassets, define "BrandBlue" with:
// Any Appearance: #0066CC
// Dark Appearance: #4DA3FF

Text("Brand text")
    .foregroundStyle(Color("BrandBlue")) // Automatically switches

Rule 4.3: Never Rely on Color Alone

Always pair color with text, icons, or shapes to convey meaning. Approximately 8% of men have some form of color vision deficiency.

Correct:

HStack {
    Image(systemName: "exclamationmark.triangle.fill")
        .foregroundStyle(.red)
    Text("Error: Invalid email address")
        .foregroundStyle(.red)
}

Incorrect:

// Only color indicates the error — invisible to colorblind users
TextField("Email", text: $email)
    .border(isValid ? .green : .red)

Rule 4.4: 4.5:1 Contrast Ratio Minimum

All text must meet WCAG AA contrast ratios: 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text (18pt+ or 14pt+ bold).

Rule 4.5: Support Display P3 Wide Gamut

Use Display P3 color space for vibrant, accurate colors on modern iPhones. Define colors in the asset catalog with the Display P3 gamut.

Rule 4.6: Background Hierarchy

Use the three-level background hierarchy for depth:

• systemBackground — primary surface
• secondarySystemBackground — grouped content, cards
• tertiarySystemBackground — elements within grouped content

Rule 4.7: One Accent Color for Interactive Elements

Choose a single tint/accent color for all interactive elements (buttons, links, toggles). This creates a consistent, learnable visual language.

@main
struct MyApp: App {
    var body: some Scene {
        WindowGroup {
            ContentView()
                .tint(.indigo) // All interactive elements use indigo
        }
    }
}

5. Accessibility

Impact: CRITICAL

Rule 5.1: VoiceOver Labels on All Interactive Elements

Every button, control, and interactive element must have a meaningful accessibility label.

Correct:

Button(action: addToCart) {
    Image(systemName: "cart.badge.plus")
}
.accessibilityLabel("Add to cart")

Incorrect:

Button(action: addToCart) {
    Image(systemName: "cart.badge.plus")
}
// VoiceOver reads "cart.badge.plus" — meaningless to users

Rule 5.2: Logical VoiceOver Navigation Order

Ensure VoiceOver reads elements in a logical order. Use .accessibilitySortPriority() to adjust when the visual layout doesn't match the reading order.

VStack {
    Text("Price: $29.99")
        .accessibilitySortPriority(1) // Read first
    Text("Product Name")
        .accessibilitySortPriority(2) // Read second
}

Rule 5.3: Support Bold Text

When the user enables Bold Text in Settings, use the .bold dynamic type variants. SwiftUI text styles handle this automatically. Custom text must respond to UIAccessibility.isBoldTextEnabled.

Rule 5.4: Support Reduce Motion

Disable decorative animations and parallax when Reduce Motion is enabled. Use @Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion).

Correct:

@Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) var reduceMotion

var body: some View {
    CardView()
        .animation(reduceMotion ? nil : .spring(), value: isExpanded)
}

Rule 5.5: Support Increase Contrast

When the user enables Increase Contrast, ensure custom colors have higher-contrast variants. Use @Environment(\.colorSchemeContrast) to detect.

Rule 5.6: Don't Convey Info Only by Color, Shape, or Position

Information must be available through multiple channels. Pair visual indicators with text or accessibility descriptions.

Rule 5.7: Alternative Interactions for All Gestures

Every custom gesture must have an equivalent tap-based or menu-based alternative for users who cannot perform complex gestures.

Rule 5.8: Support Switch Control and Full Keyboard Access

Ensure all interactions work with Switch Control (external switches) and Full Keyboard Access (Bluetooth keyboards). Test navigation order and focus behavior.

6. Gestures & Input

Impact: HIGH

Rule 6.1: Use Standard Gestures

Use the standard iOS gesture vocabulary: tap, long press, swipe, pinch, rotate. Users already understand these.

Rule 6.2: Never Override System Gestures

These gestures are reserved by the system and must not be intercepted:

• Swipe from left edge (back navigation)
• Swipe down from top-left (Notification Center)
• Swipe down from top-right (Control Center)
• Swipe up from bottom (home / app switcher)

Rule 6.3: Custom Gestures Must Be Discoverable

If you add a custom gesture, provide visual hints (e.g., a grabber handle) and ensure the action is also available through a visible button or menu item.

Rule 6.4: Support All Input Methods

Design for touch first, but also support:

• Hardware keyboards (iPad keyboard accessories, Bluetooth keyboards)
• Assistive devices (Switch Control, head tracking)
• Pointer input (assistive touch)

7. Components

Impact: HIGH

Rule 7.1: Button Styles

Use the built-in button styles appropriately:

• .borderedProminent — primary call-to-action
• .bordered — secondary actions
• .borderless — tertiary or inline actions
• .destructive role — red tint for delete/remove

Correct:

VStack(spacing: 16) {
    Button("Purchase") { buy() }
        .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)

    Button("Add to Wishlist") { wishlist() }
        .buttonStyle(.bordered)

    Button("Delete", role: .destructive) { delete() }
}

Rule 7.2: Alerts — Critical Info Only

Use alerts sparingly for critical information that requires a decision. Prefer 2 buttons; maximum 3. The destructive option should use .destructive role.

Correct:

.alert("Delete Photo?", isPresented: $showAlert) {
    Button("Delete", role: .destructive) { deletePhoto() }
    Button("Cancel", role: .cancel) { }
} message: {
    Text("This photo will be permanently removed.")
}

Incorrect:

// Alert for non-critical info — should be a banner or toast
.alert("Tip", isPresented: $showTip) {
    Button("OK") { }
} message: {
    Text("Swipe left to delete items.")
}

Rule 7.3: Sheets for Scoped Tasks

Present sheets for self-contained tasks. Always provide a way to dismiss (close button or swipe down). Use .presentationDetents() for half-height sheets.

.sheet(isPresented: $showCompose) {
    NavigationStack {
        ComposeView()
            .navigationTitle("New Message")
            .toolbar {
                ToolbarItem(placement: .cancellationAction) {
                    Button("Cancel") { showCompose = false }
                }
                ToolbarItem(placement: .confirmationAction) {
                    Button("Send") { send() }
                }
            }
    }
    .presentationDetents([.medium, .large])
}

Rule 7.4: Lists — Inset Grouped Default

Use the .insetGrouped list style as the default. Support swipe actions for common operations. Minimum row height is 44pt.

Correct:

List {
    Section("Recent") {
        ForEach(recentItems) { item in
            ItemRow(item: item)
                .swipeActions(edge: .trailing) {
                    Button(role: .destructive) { delete(item) } label: {
                        Label("Delete", systemImage: "trash")
                    }
                    Button { archive(item) } label: {
                        Label("Archive", systemImage: "archivebox")
                    }
                    .tint(.blue)
                }
        }
    }
}
.listStyle(.insetGrouped)

Rule 7.5: Tab Bar Behavior

• Use SF Symbols for tab icons — filled variant for the selected tab, outline for unselected
• Never hide the tab bar when navigating deeper within a tab
• Badge important counts with .badge()

TabView {
    MessagesView()
        .tabItem {
            Label("Messages", systemImage: "message")
        }
        .badge(unreadCount)
}

Rule 7.6: Search

Place search using .searchable(). Provide search suggestions and support recent searches.

NavigationStack {
    List(filteredItems) { item in
        ItemRow(item: item)
    }
    .searchable(text: $searchText, prompt: "Search items")
    .searchSuggestions {
        ForEach(suggestions) { suggestion in
            Text(suggestion.title)
                .searchCompletion(suggestion.title)
        }
    }
}

Rule 7.7: Context Menus

Use context menus (long press) for secondary actions. Never use a context menu as the only way to access an action.

PhotoView(photo: photo)
    .contextMenu {
        Button { share(photo) } label: {
            Label("Share", systemImage: "square.and.arrow.up")
        }
        Button { favorite(photo) } label: {
            Label("Favorite", systemImage: "heart")
        }
        Button(role: .destructive) { delete(photo) } label: {
            Label("Delete", systemImage: "trash")
        }
    }

Rule 7.8: Progress Indicators

• Determinate (ProgressView(value:total:)) for operations with known duration
• Indeterminate (ProgressView()) for unknown duration
• Never block the entire screen with a spinner

8. Patterns

Impact: MEDIUM

Rule 8.1: Onboarding — Max 3 Pages, Skippable

Keep onboarding to 3 or fewer pages. Always provide a skip option. Defer sign-in until the user needs authenticated features.

TabView {
    OnboardingPage(
        image: "wand.and.stars",
        title: "Smart Suggestions",
        subtitle: "Get personalized recommendations based on your preferences."
    )
    OnboardingPage(
        image: "bell.badge",
        title: "Stay Updated",
        subtitle: "Receive notifications for things that matter to you."
    )
    OnboardingPage(
        image: "checkmark.shield",
        title: "Private & Secure",
        subtitle: "Your data stays on your device."
    )
}
.tabViewStyle(.page)
.overlay(alignment: .topTrailing) {
    Button("Skip") { completeOnboarding() }
        .padding()
}

Rule 8.2: Loading — Skeleton Views, No Blocking Spinners

Use skeleton/placeholder views that match the layout of the content being loaded. Never show a full-screen blocking spinner.

Correct:

if isLoading {
    ForEach(0..<5) { _ in
        SkeletonRow() // Placeholder matching final row layout
            .redacted(reason: .placeholder)
    }
} else {
    ForEach(items) { item in
        ItemRow(item: item)
    }
}

Incorrect:

if isLoading {
    ProgressView("Loading...") // Blocks the entire view
} else {
    List(items) { item in ItemRow(item: item) }
}

Rule 8.3: Launch Screen — Match First Screen

The launch storyboard must visually match the initial screen of the app. No splash logos, no branding screens. This creates the perception of instant launch.

Rule 8.4: Modality — Use Sparingly

Present modal views only when the user must complete or abandon a focused task. Always provide a clear dismiss action. Never stack modals on top of modals.

Rule 8.5: Notifications — High Value Only

Only send notifications for content the user genuinely cares about. Support actionable notifications. Categorize notifications so users can control them granularly.

Rule 8.6: Settings Placement

• Frequent settings: In-app settings screen accessible from a profile or gear icon
• Privacy/permission settings: Defer to the system Settings app via URL scheme
• Never duplicate system-level controls in-app

Rule 8.7: Feedback — Visual + Haptic

Provide immediate feedback for every user action:

• Visual state change (button highlight, animation)
• Haptic feedback for significant actions using UIImpactFeedbackGenerator, UINotificationFeedbackGenerator, or UISelectionFeedbackGenerator

Button("Complete") {
    let generator = UINotificationFeedbackGenerator()
    generator.notificationOccurred(.success)
    completeTask()
}

9. Privacy & Permissions

Impact: HIGH

Rule 9.1: Request Permissions in Context

Request a permission at the moment the user takes an action that needs it — never at app launch.

Correct:

Button("Take Photo") {
    // Request camera permission only when the user taps this button
    AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: .video) { granted in
        if granted { showCamera = true }
    }
}

Incorrect:

// In AppDelegate.didFinishLaunching — too early, no context
func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions ...) {
    AVCaptureDevice.requestAccess(for: .video) { _ in }
    CLLocationManager().requestWhenInUseAuthorization()
    UNUserNotificationCenter.current().requestAuthorization(options: [.alert]) { _, _ in }
}

Rule 9.2: Explain Before System Prompt

Show a custom explanation screen before triggering the system permission dialog. The system dialog only appears once — if the user denies, the app must direct them to Settings.

struct LocationExplanation: View {
    var body: some View {
        VStack(spacing: 16) {
            Image(systemName: "location.fill")
                .font(.largeTitle)
            Text("Find Nearby Stores")
                .font(.headline)
            Text("We use your location to show stores within walking distance. Your location is never shared or stored.")
                .font(.body)
                .multilineTextAlignment(.center)
            Button("Enable Location") {
                locationManager.requestWhenInUseAuthorization()
            }
            .buttonStyle(.borderedProminent)
            Button("Not Now") { dismiss() }
                .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
        }
        .padding()
    }
}

Rule 9.3: Support Sign in with Apple

If the app offers any third-party sign-in (Google, Facebook), it must also offer Sign in with Apple. Present it as the first option.

Rule 9.4: Don't Require Accounts Unless Necessary

Let users explore the app before requiring sign-in. Gate only features that genuinely need authentication (purchases, sync, social features).

Rule 9.5: App Tracking Transparency

If you track users across apps or websites, display the ATT prompt. Respect denial — do not degrade the experience for users who opt out.

Rule 9.6: Location Button for One-Time Access

Use LocationButton for actions that need location once without requesting ongoing permission.

LocationButton(.currentLocation) {
    fetchNearbyStores()
}
.labelStyle(.titleAndIcon)

10. System Integration

Impact: MEDIUM

Rule 10.1: Widgets for Glanceable Data

Provide widgets using WidgetKit for information users check frequently. Widgets are not interactive (beyond tapping to open the app), so show the most useful snapshot.

Rule 10.2: App Shortcuts for Key Actions

Define App Shortcuts so users can trigger key actions from Siri, Spotlight, and the Shortcuts app.

struct MyAppShortcuts: AppShortcutsProvider {
    static var appShortcuts: [AppShortcut] {
        AppShortcut(
            intent: StartWorkoutIntent(),
            phrases: ["Start a workout in \(.applicationName)"],
            shortTitle: "Start Workout",
            systemImageName: "figure.run"
        )
    }
}

Rule 10.3: Spotlight Indexing

Index app content with CSSearchableItem so users can find it from Spotlight search.

Rule 10.4: Share Sheet Integration

Support the system share sheet for content that users might want to send elsewhere. Implement UIActivityItemSource or use ShareLink in SwiftUI.

ShareLink(item: article.url) {
    Label("Share", systemImage: "square.and.arrow.up")
}

Rule 10.5: Live Activities

Use Live Activities and the Dynamic Island for real-time, time-bound events (delivery tracking, sports scores, workouts).

Rule 10.6: Handle Interruptions Gracefully

Save state and pause gracefully when interrupted by:

• Phone calls
• Siri invocations
• Notifications
• App switcher
• FaceTime SharePlay

Use scenePhase to detect transitions:

@Environment(\.scenePhase) var scenePhase

.onChange(of: scenePhase) { _, newPhase in
    switch newPhase {
    case .active: resumeActivity()
    case .inactive: pauseActivity()
    case .background: saveState()
    @unknown default: break
    }
}

Quick Reference

Evaluation Checklist

Use this checklist to audit an iPhone app for HIG compliance:

Layout & Safe Areas

• All touch targets are at least 44x44pt
• No content is clipped under status bar, Dynamic Island, or home indicator
• Primary actions are in the bottom half of the screen (thumb zone)
• Layout adapts from iPhone SE to Pro Max without breaking
• Spacing aligns to the 8pt grid

Navigation

• Tab bar is used for 3-5 top-level sections
• No hamburger/drawer menus
• Primary views use large titles
• Swipe-from-left-edge back navigation works throughout
• State is preserved when switching tabs

Typography

• All text uses built-in text styles or UIFontMetrics-scaled custom fonts
• Dynamic Type is supported up to accessibility sizes
• Layouts reflow at large text sizes (no truncation of essential text)
• Minimum text size is 11pt

Color & Dark Mode

• App uses semantic system colors or provides light/dark asset variants
• Dark Mode looks intentional (not just inverted)
• No information conveyed by color alone
• Text contrast meets 4.5:1 (normal) or 3:1 (large)
• Single accent color for interactive elements

Accessibility

• VoiceOver reads all screens logically with meaningful labels
• Bold Text preference is respected
• Reduce Motion disables decorative animations
• Increase Contrast variant exists for custom colors
• All gestures have alternative access paths

Components

• Alerts are used only for critical decisions
• Sheets have a dismiss path (button and/or swipe)
• List rows are at least 44pt tall
• Tab bar is never hidden during navigation
• Destructive buttons use the .destructive role

Privacy

• Permissions are requested in context, not at launch
• Custom explanation shown before each system permission dialog
• Sign in with Apple offered alongside other providers
• App is usable without an account for basic features
• ATT prompt is shown if tracking, and denial is respected

System Integration

• Widgets show glanceable, up-to-date information
• App content is indexed for Spotlight
• Share Sheet is available for shareable content
• App handles interruptions (calls, background, Siri) gracefully

Anti-Patterns

These are common mistakes that violate the iOS Human Interface Guidelines. Never do these:

1. Hamburger menus — Use a tab bar. Hamburger menus hide navigation and reduce feature discoverability by up to 50%.

2. Custom back buttons that break swipe-back — If you replace the back button, ensure the swipe-from-left-edge gesture still works via NavigationStack.

3. Full-screen blocking spinners — Use skeleton views or inline progress indicators. Blocking spinners make the app feel frozen.

4. Splash screens with logos — The launch screen must mirror the first screen of the app. Branding delays feel artificial.

5. Requesting all permissions at launch — Asking for camera, location, notifications, and contacts on first launch guarantees most will be denied.

6. Hardcoded font sizes — Use text styles. Hardcoded sizes ignore Dynamic Type and accessibility preferences, breaking the app for millions of users.

7. Using only color to indicate state — Red/green for valid/invalid excludes colorblind users. Always pair with icons or text.

8. Alerts for non-critical information — Alerts interrupt flow and require dismissal. Use banners, toasts, or inline messages for tips and non-critical information.

9. Hiding the tab bar on push — Tab bars should remain visible throughout navigation within a tab. Hiding them disorients users.

10. Ignoring safe areas — Using .ignoresSafeArea() on content views causes text and buttons to disappear under the notch, Dynamic Island, or home indicator.

11. Non-dismissable modals — Every modal must have a clear dismiss path (close button, cancel, swipe down). Trapping users in a modal is hostile.

12. Custom gestures without alternatives — A three-finger swipe for undo is unusable for many people. Provide a visible button or menu item as well.

13. Tiny touch targets — Buttons and links smaller than 44pt cause mis-taps, especially in lists and toolbars.

14. Stacked modals — Presenting a sheet on top of a sheet on top of a sheet creates navigation confusion. Use navigation within a single modal instead.

15. Dark Mode as an afterthought — Using hardcoded colors means the app is either broken in Dark Mode or light mode. Always use semantic colors.