tools-only Make a README
Source: makeareadme.com by Danny Guo
"Because no one can read your mind (yet)"
README 101
What is it?
A README is a text file that introduces and explains a project. It contains information that is commonly required to understand what the project is about.
Why should I make it?
It's an easy way to answer questions that your audience will likely have regarding how to install and use your project and also how to collaborate with you.
Who should make it?
Anyone who is working on a programming project, especially if you want others to use it or contribute.
When should I make it?
Definitely before you show a project to other people or make it public. You might want to get into the habit of making it the first file you create in a new project.
Where should I put it?
In the top level directory of the project. This is where someone who is new to your project will start out. Code hosting services such as GitHub, Bitbucket, and GitLab will also look for your README and display it along with the list of files and directories in your project.
How should I make it?
While READMEs can be written in any text file format, the most common one that is used nowadays is Markdown. It allows you to add some lightweight formatting. You can learn more about it at the CommonMark website.
Suggestions for a Good README
Every project is different, so consider which of these sections apply to yours. Also keep in mind that while a README can be too long and detailed, too long is better than too short. If you think your README is too long, consider utilizing another form of documentation rather than cutting out information.
Name
Choose a self-explaining name for your project.
Description
Let people know what your project can do specifically. Provide context and add a link to any reference visitors might be unfamiliar with. A list of Features or a Background subsection can also be added here. If there are alternatives to your project, this is a good place to list differentiating factors.
Badges
On some READMEs, you may see small images that convey metadata, such as whether or not all the tests are passing for the project. You can use Shields.io to add some to your README. Many services also have instructions for adding a badge.
Visuals
Depending on what you are making, it can be a good idea to include screenshots or even a video (you'll frequently see GIFs rather than actual videos). Tools like ttygif can help, but check out Asciinema for a more sophisticated method.
Installation
Within a particular ecosystem, there may be a common way of installing things, such as using Yarn, NuGet, or Homebrew. However, consider the possibility that whoever is reading your README is a novice and would like more guidance. Listing specific steps helps remove ambiguity and gets people to using your project as quickly as possible. If it only runs in a specific context like a particular programming language version or operating system or has dependencies that have to be installed manually, also add a Requirements subsection.
Usage
Use examples liberally, and show the expected output if you can. It's helpful to have inline the smallest example of usage that you can demonstrate, while providing links to more sophisticated examples if they are too long to reasonably include in the README.
Support
Tell people where they can go to for help. It can be any combination of an issue tracker, a chat room, an email address, etc.
Roadmap
If you have ideas for releases in the future, it is a good idea to list them in the README.
Contributing
State if you are open to contributions and what your requirements are for accepting them.
For people who want to make changes to your project, it's helpful to have some documentation on how to get started. Perhaps there is a script that they should run or some environment variables that they need to set. Make these steps explicit. These instructions could also be useful to your future self.
You can also document commands to lint the code or run tests. These steps help to ensure high code quality and reduce the likelihood that the changes inadvertently break something. Having instructions for running tests is especially helpful if it requires external setup, such as starting a Selenium server for testing in a browser.
Authors and Acknowledgment
Show your appreciation to those who have contributed to the project.
License
For open source projects, say how it is licensed.
Project Status
If you have run out of energy or time for your project, put a note at the top of the README saying that development has slowed down or stopped completely. Someone may choose to fork your project or volunteer to step in as a maintainer or owner, allowing your project to keep going. You can also make an explicit request for maintainers.
FAQ
Is there a standard README format?
Not all of the suggestions here will make sense for every project, so it's really up to the developers what information should be included in the README.
What should the README file be named?
README.md (or a different file extension if you choose to use a non-Markdown file format). It is traditionally uppercase so that it is more prominent, but it's not a big deal if you think it looks better lowercase.
What's Next?
More Documentation
A README is a crucial but basic way of documenting your project. While every project should at least have a README, more involved ones can also benefit from a wiki or a dedicated documentation website. Tools include:
Changelog
A changelog is another file that is very useful for programming projects. See Keep a Changelog.
Contributing Guidelines
Just having a "Contributing" section in your README is a good start. Another approach is to split off your guidelines into their own file (CONTRIBUTING.md). If you use GitHub and have this file, then anyone who creates an issue or opens a pull request will get a link to it.
You can also create an issue template and a pull request template. These files give your users and collaborators templates to fill in with the information that you'll need to properly respond.