Policyengine Variable Patterns

PolicyEngine Variable Patterns

Essential patterns for creating PolicyEngine variables for government benefit programs.

FIRST PRINCIPLE: Legal Code is the Source of Truth

The law defines WHAT to implement. These patterns are just HOW to implement it.

1. READ the legal code/policy manual FIRST
2. UNDERSTAND what the law actually says
3. IMPLEMENT exactly what the law requires
4. USE these patterns as tools to implement correctly

Patterns are tools, not rules to blindly follow:

• If the legal code says something different from common patterns → FOLLOW THE LAW
• If another state does it differently → Check YOUR state's legal code
• If a pattern doesn't fit the regulation → Implement what the law says

Every implementation decision should trace back to a specific legal citation.

PolicyEngine Architecture Constraints

What CANNOT Be Simulated (Single-Period Limitation)

CRITICAL: PolicyEngine uses single-period simulation architecture

The following CANNOT be implemented and should be SKIPPED when found in documentation:

1. Time Limits and Lifetime Counters

Cannot simulate:

• ANY lifetime benefit limits (X months total)
• ANY time windows (X months within Y period)
• Benefit clocks and countable months
• Cumulative time tracking

Why: Requires tracking benefit history across multiple periods. PolicyEngine simulates one period at a time with no state persistence.

What to do: Document in comments but DON'T parameterize or implement:

# NOTE: [State] has [X]-month lifetime limit on [Program] benefits
# This cannot be simulated in PolicyEngine's single-period architecture

2. Work History Requirements

Cannot simulate:

• "Must have worked 6 of last 12 months"
• "Averaged 30 hours/week over past quarter"
• Prior employment verification
• Work participation rate tracking

Why: Requires historical data from previous periods.

3. Waiting Periods and Benefit Delays

Cannot simulate:

• "3-month waiting period for new residents"
• "Benefits start month after application"
• Retroactive eligibility
• Benefit recertification cycles

Why: Requires tracking application dates and eligibility history.

4. Progressive Sanctions and Penalties

Cannot simulate:

• "First violation: 1-month sanction, Second: 3-month, Third: permanent"
• Graduated penalties
• Strike systems

Why: Requires tracking violation history.

5. Asset Spend-Down Over Time

Cannot simulate:

• Medical spend-down across months
• Resource depletion tracking
• Accumulated medical expenses

Why: Requires tracking expenses and resources across periods.

What CAN Be Simulated (With Caveats)

PolicyEngine CAN simulate point-in-time eligibility and benefits:

• ✅ Current month income limits
• ✅ Current month resource limits
• ✅ Current benefit calculations
• ✅ Current household composition
• ✅ Current deductions and disregards

Time-Limited Benefits That Affect Current Calculations

Special Case: Time-limited deductions/disregards

When a deduction or disregard is only available for X months:

• DO implement the deduction (assume it applies)
• DO add a comment explaining the time limitation
• DON'T try to track or enforce the time limit

Example:

class state_tanf_countable_earned_income(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.xx.tanf.income
        earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)

        # NOTE: In reality, this 75% disregard only applies for first 4 months
        # of employment. PolicyEngine cannot track employment duration, so we
        # apply the disregard assuming the household qualifies.
        # Actual rule: [State Code Citation]
        disregard_rate = p.earned_income_disregard_rate  # 0.75

        return earned * (1 - disregard_rate)

Rule: If it requires history or future tracking, it CANNOT be fully simulated - but implement what we can and document limitations

Critical Principles

1. ZERO Hard-Coded Values

Every numeric value MUST be parameterized

❌ FORBIDDEN:
return where(eligible, 1000, 0)     # Hard-coded 1000
age < 15                             # Hard-coded 15
benefit = income * 0.33              # Hard-coded 0.33
month >= 10 and month <= 3           # Hard-coded months

✅ REQUIRED:
return where(eligible, p.maximum_benefit, 0)
age < p.age_threshold.minor_child
benefit = income * p.benefit_rate
month >= p.season.start_month

Acceptable literals:

• 0, 1, -1 for basic math
• 12 for month conversion (/ 12, * 12)
• Array indices when structure is known

2. No Placeholder Implementations

Delete the file rather than leave placeholders

❌ NEVER:
def formula(entity, period, parameters):
    # TODO: Implement
    return 75  # Placeholder

✅ ALWAYS:
# Complete implementation or no file at all

3. Use adds or add() - NEVER Manual Addition

CRITICAL: NEVER manually fetch variables and add them with +. Always use adds or add().

Rule 1: Pure sum → adds attribute (no formula)

❌ WRONG - Writing a formula for simple sum:
class tx_tanf_gross_income(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
        unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)
        return earned + unearned  # DON'T DO THIS!

✅ CORRECT - Use adds, no formula needed:
class tx_tanf_gross_income(Variable):
    value_type = float
    entity = SPMUnit
    definition_period = MONTH
    adds = ["tanf_gross_earned_income", "tanf_gross_unearned_income"]
    # NO formula method - adds handles it automatically!

Rule 2: Sum + other operations → add() function

❌ WRONG - Manual fetching and adding:
def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
    unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)
    gross = earned + unearned  # DON'T manually add!
    return gross * p.rate

✅ CORRECT - Use add() function:
def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    gross = add(spm_unit, period, ["tanf_gross_earned_income", "tanf_gross_unearned_income"])
    return gross * p.rate

Decision rule:

• Is it ONLY a sum? → adds = [...] (no formula)
• Sum + other operations? → add() function inside formula

See policyengine-aggregation-skill for detailed patterns.

Variable Implementation Standards

Variable Metadata Format

Follow established patterns:

class il_tanf_countable_earned_income(Variable):
    value_type = float
    entity = SPMUnit
    definition_period = MONTH
    label = "Illinois TANF countable earned income"
    unit = USD
    reference = "https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/illinois/..."
    defined_for = StateCode.IL

    # Use adds for simple sums
    adds = ["il_tanf_earned_income_after_disregard"]

Key rules:

• ✅ Use full URL in reference (clickable)
• ✅ For PDF links, include page number: #page=XX
• ✅ For multiple references, use TUPLE () not list []
• ❌ Don't use documentation field - use reference instead
• ❌ Don't use statute citations without URLs

❌ WRONG - Don't use documentation field:

class some_variable(Variable):
    documentation = "This is the wrong field"  # DON'T USE THIS

✅ CORRECT - Use reference field:

class some_variable(Variable):
    reference = "https://example.gov/rules.pdf#page=10"  # USE THIS

Reference format:

# Single reference:
reference = "https://oregon.gov/dhs/tanf-manual.pdf#page=23"

# Multiple references - use TUPLE ():
reference = (
    "https://oregon.public.law/rules/oar_461-155-0030",
    "https://oregon.gov/dhs/tanf-manual.pdf#page=23",
)

# ❌ WRONG - Don't use list []:
reference = [
    "https://...",
    "https://...",
]

When to Use adds vs formula

CRITICAL: Never use both adds/subtracts AND a custom formula in the same variable!

This causes bugs when the two get out of sync. Choose one approach:

❌ FORBIDDEN - Mixing compositional and formula:
class household_net_income(Variable):
    subtracts = ["employee_pension_contributions"]  # ❌ Has subtracts

    def formula(household, period):  # ❌ AND has formula
        gross = household("household_gross_income", period)
        tax = household("income_tax", period)
        # BUG: Forgot to subtract employee_pension_contributions!
        return gross - tax

Use adds/subtracts when:

• Just summing variables
• Passing through a single variable
• No transformations needed

✅ BEST - Pure compositional:
class tanf_gross_income(Variable):
    adds = ["employment_income", "self_employment_income"]

✅ BEST - Compositional with subtracts:
class household_net_income(Variable):
    adds = ["household_gross_income"]
    subtracts = ["income_tax", "employee_pension_contributions"]

Use formula when:

• Applying transformations
• Conditional logic
• Calculations needed

✅ CORRECT - Pure formula:
def formula(entity, period, parameters):
    income = add(entity, period, ["income1", "income2"])
    return max_(0, income)  # Need max_

TANF Countable Income Pattern

Critical: Verify Calculation Order from Legal Code

MOST IMPORTANT: Always check the state's legal code or policy manual for the exact calculation order. The pattern below is typical but not universal.

The Typical Pattern:

1. Apply deductions/disregards to earned income only
2. Use max_() to prevent negative earned income
3. Add unearned income (which typically has no deductions)

This pattern is based on how MOST TANF programs work, but you MUST verify with the specific state's legal code.

❌ WRONG - Applying deductions to total income

def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    gross_earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
    unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)
    deductions = spm_unit("tanf_earned_income_deductions", period)

    # ❌ WRONG: Deductions applied to total income
    total_income = gross_earned + unearned
    countable = total_income - deductions

    return max_(countable, 0)

Why this is wrong:

• Deductions should ONLY reduce earned income
• Unearned income (SSI, child support, etc.) is not subject to work expense deductions
• This incorrectly reduces unearned income when earned income is low

Example error:

• Earned: $100, Unearned: $500, Deductions: $200
• Wrong result: max_($100 + $500 - $200, 0) = $400 (reduces unearned!)
• Correct result: max_($100 - $200, 0) + $500 = $500

✅ CORRECT - Apply deductions to earned only, then add unearned

def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    gross_earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
    unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)
    deductions = spm_unit("tanf_earned_income_deductions", period)

    # ✅ CORRECT: Deductions applied to earned only, then add unearned
    return max_(gross_earned - deductions, 0) + unearned

Pattern Variations

With multiple deduction steps:

def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    p = parameters(period).gov.states.xx.tanf.income
    gross_earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
    unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)

    # Step 1: Apply work expense deduction
    work_expense = min_(gross_earned * p.work_expense_rate, p.work_expense_max)
    after_work_expense = max_(gross_earned - work_expense, 0)

    # Step 2: Apply earnings disregard
    earnings_disregard = after_work_expense * p.disregard_rate
    countable_earned = max_(after_work_expense - earnings_disregard, 0)

    # Step 3: Add unearned (no deductions applied)
    return countable_earned + unearned

With disregard percentage (simplified):

def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    p = parameters(period).gov.states.xx.tanf.income
    gross_earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
    unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)

    # Apply disregard to earned (keep 33% = disregard 67%)
    countable_earned = gross_earned * (1 - p.earned_disregard_rate)

    return max_(countable_earned, 0) + unearned

When Unearned Income HAS Deductions

Some states DO have unearned income deductions (rare). Handle separately:

def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
    gross_earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
    gross_unearned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period)
    earned_deductions = spm_unit("tanf_earned_income_deductions", period)
    unearned_deductions = spm_unit("tanf_unearned_income_deductions", period)

    # Apply each type of deduction to its respective income type
    countable_earned = max_(gross_earned - earned_deductions, 0)
    countable_unearned = max_(gross_unearned - unearned_deductions, 0)

    return countable_earned + countable_unearned

Quick Reference

Standard TANF pattern:

Countable Income = max_(Earned - Earned Deductions, 0) + Unearned

NOT:

❌ max_(Earned + Unearned - Deductions, 0)
❌ max_(Earned - Deductions + Unearned, 0)  # Can go negative

Federal/State Separation

Federal Parameters

Location: /parameters/gov/{agency}/

• Base formulas and methodologies
• National standards
• Required elements

State Parameters

Location: /parameters/gov/states/{state}/

• State-specific thresholds
• Implementation choices
• Scale factors

# Federal: parameters/gov/hhs/fpg/base.yaml
first_person: 14_580

# State: parameters/gov/states/ca/scale_factor.yaml
fpg_multiplier: 2.0  # 200% of FPG

State Income Tax Conformity to Federal Rules

CRITICAL: State income taxes should reference federal income sources and limits, not redefine them

Most state income taxes start with federal definitions and then make specific adjustments. When implementing state income tax:

✅ CORRECT - Reference federal income sources:

class ms_agi(Variable):
    """Mississippi adjusted gross income"""
    value_type = float
    entity = TaxUnit
    definition_period = YEAR
    label = "Mississippi adjusted gross income"
    unit = USD

    def formula(tax_unit, period, parameters):
        # Start with federal AGI, which already includes
        # federal capital loss limits and other federal rules
        federal_agi = tax_unit("adjusted_gross_income", period)

        # Apply Mississippi-specific additions/subtractions
        ms_additions = tax_unit("ms_additions_to_agi", period)
        ms_subtractions = tax_unit("ms_subtractions_from_agi", period)

        return federal_agi + ms_additions - ms_subtractions

❌ WRONG - Redefining income sources:

# DON'T create state-specific parameters like:
# parameters/gov/states/ms/tax/income/income_sources.yaml
# containing:
#   - capital_gains
#   - long_term_capital_gains
#   - short_term_capital_gains

# This bypasses federal limits like the $3,000 capital loss deduction limit

Why this matters:

• Federal income tax applies capital loss limits before reporting AGI
• State income taxes that start from federal AGI automatically inherit these limits
• Creating separate state income source parameters bypasses federal rules
• Results in incorrect calculations (e.g., unlimited capital loss deductions)

Common state conformity patterns:

1. Full conformity - State AGI = Federal AGI (rare)
2. Rolling conformity - State follows current federal rules
3. Static conformity - State follows federal rules as of a specific date
4. Selective conformity - State follows federal but with specific modifications

Implementation approach:

• Always start with federal income sources/AGI/taxable income as the base
• Use state parameters only for state-specific additions, subtractions, or modifications
• Reference federal variables: adjusted_gross_income, taxable_income, etc.
• Don't recreate federal income aggregation logic at the state level

Example - Mississippi specifics:

class ms_additions_to_agi(Variable):
    """Mississippi additions to federal AGI"""
    # Add state-specific income items not in federal AGI
    adds = [
        "ms_state_bond_interest",
        "ms_other_additions"
    ]

class ms_subtractions_from_agi(Variable):
    """Mississippi subtractions from federal AGI"""
    # Subtract state-specific deductions
    adds = [
        "ms_retirement_income_exclusion",
        "ms_other_subtractions"
    ]

Code Reuse Patterns

Avoid Duplication - Create Intermediate Variables

❌ ANTI-PATTERN: Copy-pasting calculations

# File 1: calculates income after deduction
def formula(household, period, parameters):
    gross = add(household, period, ["income"])
    deduction = p.deduction * household.nb_persons()
    return max_(gross - deduction, 0)

# File 2: DUPLICATES same calculation
def formula(household, period, parameters):
    gross = add(household, period, ["income"])  # Copy-pasted
    deduction = p.deduction * household.nb_persons()  # Copy-pasted
    after_deduction = max_(gross - deduction, 0)  # Copy-pasted
    return after_deduction < p.threshold

✅ CORRECT: Reuse existing variables

# File 2: reuses calculation
def formula(household, period, parameters):
    countable_income = household("program_countable_income", period)
    return countable_income < p.threshold

When to create intermediate variables:

• Same calculation in 2+ places
• Logic exceeds 5 lines
• Reference implementations have similar variable

Federal Aggregator Variables (Summing State Programs)

CRITICAL: Discover Programs by Enumerating State Directories

When building or modifying a federal-level variable that sums state programs (like tanf, which sums all state TANF programs), never search by keyword or naming pattern. State programs use wildly different names that don't match any single pattern.

Example — TANF program names across states:

• Standard: al_tanf, ca_tanf, ny_tanf (28 states)
• Non-standard: fl_tca, mn_mfip, ia_fip, ct_tfa, md_tca, mi_fip
• Completely unique: ar_tea, id_tafi, la_fitap, ma_tafdc, ne_adc, oh_owf, ut_fep, wy_power, ky_ktap, nh_fanf, tn_ff

None of the "completely unique" names contain "tanf". A keyword search for "tanf" misses 11 programs.

Correct discovery method:

1. List ALL state directories: ls policyengine_us/variables/gov/states/
2. For EACH of the 51 jurisdictions (50 states + DC), check non-tax subdirectories for the program type
3. Look for the top-level benefit variable (entity=SPMUnit, has defined_for)
4. Add it to the aggregator list

Quick command to find all state TANF-like top-level variables:

# Search for SPMUnit variables under state welfare/human services directories
grep -rl "entity = SPMUnit" policyengine_us/variables/gov/states/*/  \
  --include="*.py" | \
  xargs grep -l "defined_for" | \
  # Then manually check which are TANF top-level benefit variables

Cycle Checks When Wiring Up State Programs

Adding a state program to a federal aggregator can create circular dependencies. Common cycles:

1. Housing cost cycle: State TANF → housing_cost → rent → housing_assistance → hud_annual_income → TANF

   • Fix: Use pre_subsidy_rent + other housing components instead of housing_cost

2. Childcare cycle: State TANF → childcare_expenses → childcare subsidies → SNAP → TANF

   • Fix: Use spm_unit_pre_subsidy_childcare_expenses instead of childcare_expenses

3. Entity broadcast bugs: Person-level and SPMUnit-level arrays mixed in where() — passes unit tests (scalar) but fails microsim (vectorized)

   • Fix: Use spm_unit.project(spm_unit_var) to broadcast to person level

After adding programs, always run the microsimulation test — it catches cycles and entity mismatches that unit tests miss.

TANF-Specific Patterns

Study Reference Implementations First

MANDATORY before implementing any TANF:

• DC TANF: /variables/gov/states/dc/dhs/tanf/
• IL TANF: /variables/gov/states/il/dhs/tanf/
• TX TANF: /variables/gov/states/tx/hhs/tanf/

Learn from them:

1. Variable organization
2. Naming conventions
3. Code reuse patterns
4. When to use adds vs formula

Standard TANF Structure

tanf/
├── eligibility/
│   ├── demographic_eligible.py
│   ├── income_eligible.py
│   └── eligible.py
├── income/
│   ├── earned/
│   ├── unearned/
│   └── countable_income.py
└── [state]_tanf.py

Simplified TANF Rules

For simplified implementations:

DON'T create state-specific versions of:

• Demographic eligibility (use federal)
• Immigration eligibility (use federal)
• Income sources (use federal baseline)

❌ DON'T CREATE:
ca_tanf_demographic_eligible_person.py
ca_tanf_gross_earned_income.py
parameters/.../income/sources/earned.yaml

✅ DO USE:
# Federal demographic eligibility
is_demographic_tanf_eligible
# Federal income aggregation
tanf_gross_earned_income

Avoiding Unnecessary Wrapper Variables (CRITICAL)

Golden Rule: Only create a state variable if you're adding state-specific logic to it!

Understand WHY Variables Exist, Not Just WHAT

When studying reference implementations:

1. Note which variables they have
2. READ THE CODE inside each variable
3. Ask: "Does this variable have state-specific logic?"
4. If it just returns federal baseline → DON'T copy it

Variable Creation Decision Tree

Before creating ANY state-specific variable, ask:

1. Does federal baseline already calculate this?
2. Does my state do it DIFFERENTLY than federal?
3. Can I write the difference in 1+ lines of state-specific logic?
4. Will this calculation be used in 2+ other variables? (Code reuse exception)

Decision:

• If YES/NO/NO/NO → DON'T create the variable, use federal directly
• If YES/YES/YES/NO → CREATE the variable with state logic
• If YES/NO/NO/YES → CREATE as intermediate variable for code reuse (see exception below)

EXCEPTION: Code Reuse Justifies Intermediate Variables

Even without state-specific logic, create a variable if the SAME calculation is used in multiple places.

❌ Bad - Duplicating calculation across variables:

# Variable 1 - Income eligibility
class mo_tanf_income_eligible(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        # Duplicated calculation
        gross = add(spm_unit, period, ["tanf_gross_earned_income", "tanf_gross_unearned_income"])
        return gross <= p.income_limit

# Variable 2 - Countable income
class mo_tanf_countable_income(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        # SAME calculation repeated!
        gross = add(spm_unit, period, ["tanf_gross_earned_income", "tanf_gross_unearned_income"])
        deductions = spm_unit("mo_tanf_deductions", period)
        return max_(gross - deductions, 0)

# Variable 3 - Need standard
class mo_tanf_need_standard(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        # SAME calculation AGAIN!
        gross = add(spm_unit, period, ["tanf_gross_earned_income", "tanf_gross_unearned_income"])
        return where(gross < p.threshold, p.high, p.low)

✅ Good - Extract into reusable intermediate variable:

# Intermediate variable - used in multiple places
class mo_tanf_gross_income(Variable):
    adds = ["tanf_gross_earned_income", "tanf_gross_unearned_income"]

# Variable 1 - Reuses intermediate
class mo_tanf_income_eligible(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        gross = spm_unit("mo_tanf_gross_income", period)  # Reuse
        return gross <= p.income_limit

# Variable 2 - Reuses intermediate
class mo_tanf_countable_income(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        gross = spm_unit("mo_tanf_gross_income", period)  # Reuse
        deductions = spm_unit("mo_tanf_deductions", period)
        return max_(gross - deductions, 0)

# Variable 3 - Reuses intermediate
class mo_tanf_need_standard(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        gross = spm_unit("mo_tanf_gross_income", period)  # Reuse
        return where(gross < p.threshold, p.high, p.low)

When to create intermediate variables for reuse:

• ✅ Same calculation appears in 2+ variables
• ✅ Represents a meaningful concept (e.g., "gross income", "net resources")
• ✅ Simplifies maintenance (change once vs many places)
• ✅ Follows DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle

When NOT to create (still a wrapper):

• ❌ Only used in ONE place
• ❌ Just passes through another variable unchanged
• ❌ Adds indirection without code reuse benefit

Red Flags for Unnecessary Wrapper Variables

❌ INVALID - Pure wrapper, no state logic:
class in_tanf_assistance_unit_size(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period):
        return spm_unit("spm_unit_size", period)  # Just returns federal

❌ INVALID - Aggregation without transformation:
class in_tanf_countable_unearned_income(Variable):
    def formula(tax_unit, period):
        return tax_unit.sum(person("tanf_gross_unearned_income", period))

❌ INVALID - Pass-through with no modification:
class in_tanf_gross_income(Variable):
    def formula(entity, period):
        return entity("tanf_gross_income", period)

Examples of VALID State Variables

✅ VALID - Has state-specific disregard:
class in_tanf_countable_earned_income(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.in.tanf.income
        earned = spm_unit("tanf_gross_earned_income", period)
        return earned * (1 - p.earned_income_disregard_rate)  # STATE LOGIC

✅ VALID - Uses state-specific limits:
class in_tanf_income_eligible(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.in.tanf
        income = spm_unit("tanf_countable_income", period)
        size = spm_unit("spm_unit_size", period.this_year)
        limit = p.income_limit[min_(size, p.max_household_size)]  # STATE PARAMS
        return income <= limit

✅ VALID - IL has different counting rules:
class il_tanf_assistance_unit_size(Variable):
    adds = [
        "il_tanf_payment_eligible_child",  # STATE-SPECIFIC
        "il_tanf_payment_eligible_parent",  # STATE-SPECIFIC
    ]

State Variables to AVOID Creating

For TANF implementations:

❌ DON'T create these (use federal directly):

• state_tanf_assistance_unit_size (unless different counting rules like IL)
• state_tanf_countable_unearned_income (unless state has disregards)
• state_tanf_gross_income (just use federal baseline)
• Any variable that's just return entity("federal_variable", period)

✅ DO create these (when state has unique rules):

• state_tanf_countable_earned_income (if unique disregard %)
• state_tanf_income_eligible (state income limits)
• state_tanf_maximum_benefit (state payment standards)
• state_tanf (final benefit calculation)

Demographic Eligibility Pattern

Option 1: Use Federal (Simplified)

class ca_tanf_eligible(Variable):
    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        # Use federal variable
        has_eligible = spm_unit.any(
            spm_unit.members("is_demographic_tanf_eligible", period)
        )
        return has_eligible & income_eligible

Option 2: State-Specific (Different thresholds)

class ca_tanf_demographic_eligible_person(Variable):
    def formula(person, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.ca.tanf
        age = person("age", period.this_year)  # NOT monthly_age

        age_limit = where(
            person("is_full_time_student", period),
            p.age_threshold.student,
            p.age_threshold.minor_child
        )
        return age < age_limit

Common Implementation Patterns

Income Eligibility

class program_income_eligible(Variable):
    value_type = bool
    entity = SPMUnit
    definition_period = MONTH

    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.xx.program
        income = spm_unit("program_countable_income", period)
        size = spm_unit("spm_unit_size", period.this_year)

        # Get threshold from parameters
        threshold = p.income_limit[min_(size, p.max_household_size)]
        return income <= threshold

Benefit Calculation

class program_benefit(Variable):
    value_type = float
    entity = SPMUnit
    definition_period = MONTH
    unit = USD

    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.xx.program
        eligible = spm_unit("program_eligible", period)

        # Calculate benefit amount
        base = p.benefit_schedule.base_amount
        adjustment = p.benefit_schedule.adjustment_rate
        size = spm_unit("spm_unit_size", period.this_year)

        amount = base + (size - 1) * adjustment
        return where(eligible, amount, 0)

Using Scale Parameters

def formula(entity, period, parameters):
    p = parameters(period).gov.states.az.program
    federal_p = parameters(period).gov.hhs.fpg

    # Federal base with state scale
    size = entity("household_size", period.this_year)
    fpg = federal_p.first_person + federal_p.additional * (size - 1)
    state_scale = p.income_limit_scale  # Often exists
    income_limit = fpg * state_scale

Handling Parameter Structure Transitions

When a parameter changes structure over time (e.g., flat rate → marginal brackets), the parameter side uses a boolean toggle with separate files (see parameter patterns skill). The variable must branch on that toggle.

Pattern: Use if p.toggle: to select the right parameter access method:

class wa_capital_gains_tax(Variable):
    value_type = float
    entity = TaxUnit
    definition_period = YEAR
    unit = USD
    defined_for = StateCode.WA

    def formula(tax_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.wa.tax.income.capital_gains
        taxable_ltcg = ...  # calculation

        # Toggle between flat and bracket-based calculation
        if p.rate.flat_applies:
            return taxable_ltcg * p.rate.flat
        return p.rate.incremental.calc(taxable_ltcg)

Why if (not where) is correct here:

• p.rate.flat_applies is a parameter (scalar boolean at a given instant), not a per-entity variable
• Python if is appropriate because the entire population uses the same rate structure in a given year
• where() is for per-entity branching (e.g., different treatment by filing status)

When to use this pattern:

• ✅ A flat rate became a marginal bracket schedule at a specific date
• ✅ A single value became a lookup table at a specific date
• ✅ Any parameter whose access method (.calc() vs *) changes by period

When NOT to use this pattern:

• ❌ The parameter structure is the same across all periods (just access it normally)
• ❌ The branching depends on a per-entity condition like income or age (use where() instead)
• ❌ A new bracket was added to an existing scale using .inf (no variable changes needed — .calc() works as before; see parameter patterns skill)

Gating Provisions with in_effect Boolean

When a provision starts or ends at a specific date, use if p.provision.in_effect: to gate the entire logic block. The parameter side has an in_effect.yaml boolean (see parameter patterns skill). The variable wraps the provision's logic in a plain if block.

Real-world example — CT TFA high-earnings reduction (new in 2024):

class ct_tfa(Variable):
    value_type = float
    entity = SPMUnit
    definition_period = MONTH
    unit = USD
    defined_for = "ct_tfa_eligible"

    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.ct.dss.tfa.payment
        payment_standard = spm_unit("ct_tfa_payment_standard", period)
        countable_unearned_income = spm_unit(
            "ct_tfa_countable_unearned_income", period
        )
        raw_benefit = max_(payment_standard - countable_unearned_income, 0)

        # Per CGS § 17b-112(d), high earners have their benefit reduced.
        # This provision did not exist before 2024.
        if p.high_earnings.in_effect:
            gross_earnings = add(
                spm_unit, period, ["tanf_gross_earned_income"]
            )
            fpg = spm_unit("tanf_fpg", period)
            high_income_threshold = p.high_earnings.rate * fpg
            high_income = gross_earnings >= high_income_threshold
            reduction_multiplier = 1 - p.high_earnings.reduction_rate
            return where(
                high_income,
                raw_benefit * reduction_multiplier,
                raw_benefit,
            )
        return raw_benefit

Key points:

• if p.high_earnings.in_effect: uses Python if because it's a parameter (scalar boolean), not a per-entity variable
• The if block is NEVER entered for periods before the effective date (2024)
• Inside the if block, where() IS used for per-entity branching (some households have high income, others don't)
• The provision's sub-parameters (rate, reduction_rate) are only accessed inside the guarded block

When to use this pattern:

• ✅ A new provision is added by legislation at a specific date
• ✅ An existing provision is repealed at a specific date
• ✅ The provision gates an entire block of logic with its own sub-parameters

When NOT to use this pattern:

• ❌ The branching depends on a per-entity condition (use where() instead)
• ❌ The parameter structure changes (use flat_applies pattern above)

Regional Variation with regional_in_effect Boolean

When a program transitions between regional and statewide payment standards, use if p.regional_in_effect: to switch between regional enum lookup and flat parameter access.

Real-world example — CT TFA payment standard (regional before 2022, flat after):

class ct_tfa_payment_standard(Variable):
    value_type = float
    entity = SPMUnit
    definition_period = MONTH
    unit = USD
    defined_for = StateCode.CT

    def formula(spm_unit, period, parameters):
        p = parameters(period).gov.states.ct.dss.tfa.payment
        size = spm_unit("spm_unit_size", period.this_year)
        capped_size = min_(size, p.max_unit_size)

        if p.regional_in_effect:
            region = spm_unit.household("ct_tfa_region", period)
            region_a = region == region.possible_values.REGION_A
            region_c = region == region.possible_values.REGION_C
            return select(
                [region_a, region_c],
                [
                    p.regional.region_a.amount[capped_size],
                    p.regional.region_c.amount[capped_size],
                ],
                default=p.regional.region_b.amount[capped_size],
            )

        return p.amount[capped_size]

Key points:

• if p.regional_in_effect: uses Python if — scalar parameter boolean
• Inside the if block, select() handles per-entity branching by region enum
• The default parameter in select() handles regions not explicitly listed
• When regional_in_effect is false, falls through to the flat p.amount[capped_size]
• Region enum variable (ct_tfa_region) is only accessed when regional variation is active

When to use this pattern:

• ✅ Program transitions from regional to statewide standards (or vice versa)
• ✅ Regional lookup uses an enum variable with select()
• ✅ The flat and regional parameter trees have different structures

When NOT to use this pattern:

• ❌ Regional variation always applies (just use regional parameters directly)
• ❌ The variation is by household characteristic, not geography (use where())

Choosing Between Boolean Toggle Patterns (Summary)

All three patterns use if p.boolean: branching on a scalar parameter. Here's when to use each:

Common rule: All use Python if (not where) because parameters are scalar booleans at a given instant — the entire population uses the same code path for a given period.

Accessing Baseline Parameters in Reform Simulations

When You Need Baseline vs Reform Comparison

Some variables need to compare values under current law (baseline) vs a proposed reform. This is common for:

• Variables calculating the change in a value due to a reform
• Fixed-cost employer variables (e.g., employer_NI_fixed_employer_cost_change)
• Any variable showing "difference from baseline"

The Pattern for Accessing Baseline Parameters

CRITICAL: When a simulation has a baseline (i.e., it's a reform simulation), you must explicitly access baseline parameters:

def formula(person, period, parameters):
    simulation = person.simulation

    # Check if this is a reform simulation with a baseline
    if simulation.baseline is not None:
        # Access baseline parameters through the baseline's tax benefit system
        baseline_parameters = simulation.baseline.tax_benefit_system.get_parameters_at_instant(period)
        baseline_value = baseline_parameters.gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate
    else:
        # No baseline exists - use current parameters as baseline
        baseline_parameters = parameters(period)
        baseline_value = baseline_parameters.gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate

    # Get reform (current) value
    reform_value = parameters(period).gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate

    # Calculate difference
    return reform_value - baseline_value

Common Mistake

❌ WRONG - Using current parameters for baseline:

def formula(person, period, parameters):
    p = parameters(period)
    # This gets REFORM parameters, not baseline!
    baseline_rate = p.gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate
    reform_rate = p.gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate
    return reform_rate - baseline_rate  # Always returns 0!

✅ CORRECT - Properly accessing baseline:

def formula(person, period, parameters):
    simulation = person.simulation

    if simulation.baseline is not None:
        baseline_p = simulation.baseline.tax_benefit_system.get_parameters_at_instant(period)
    else:
        baseline_p = parameters(period)

    baseline_rate = baseline_p.gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate
    reform_rate = parameters(period).gov.hmrc.national_insurance.some_rate

    return reform_rate - baseline_rate

When This Matters

This pattern is essential when:

1. The variable name contains "change", "difference", or "delta"
2. The variable compares policy scenarios
3. You're implementing reform impact analysis variables

Without this pattern, reform simulations will incorrectly show zero change because both "baseline" and "reform" values come from the same (reform) parameters.

Variable Creation Checklist

Before creating any variable:

• Check if it already exists
• Use standard demographic variables (age, is_disabled)
• Reuse federal calculations where applicable
• Check for household_income before creating new
• Look for existing intermediate variables
• Study reference implement

…(truncated)