uv: Modern Python Package and Project Manager

uv: Modern Python Package and Project Manager

Overview

uv is Astral's extremely fast Python package and project manager written in Rust, designed as a unified replacement for pip, pip-tools, pipx, poetry, pyenv, and virtualenv. It delivers 10-100x faster performance while providing modern dependency management with lockfiles and reproducible environments.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Initializing new Python projects or scripts
• Managing project dependencies with pyproject.toml
• Creating portable single-file scripts with PEP 723 inline metadata
• Installing or running command-line tools (ruff, black, httpie, etc.)
• Managing Python interpreter versions
• Setting up virtual environments
• Configuring package indexes or private registries
• Migrating from pip, pip-tools, poetry, or conda
• Configuring CI/CD pipelines for Python projects
• Setting up Docker containers for Python applications
• Troubleshooting dependency resolution or build failures

Core Capabilities

1. Project Initialization and Management

Initialize new projects:

# Standard project with recommended structure
uv init myproject

# Application project (default)
uv init myapp --app

# Library/package project (includes src/ layout)
uv init mylib --lib --build-backend hatchling

# Bare project (pyproject.toml only)
uv init --bare

Project structure created:

myproject/
├── .venv/           # Virtual environment (auto-created)
├── .python-version  # Pinned Python version
├── README.md
├── main.py          # Sample entry point
├── pyproject.toml   # Project metadata and dependencies
└── uv.lock          # Lockfile (like Cargo.lock or package-lock.json)

2. Dependency Management

Add dependencies to project:

# Production dependencies
uv add requests 'flask>=2.0,<3.0' pydantic

# With automatic version bounds (stable in 0.10.0)
uv add --bounds compatible requests  # Adds requests>=2.31,<3
uv add --bounds exact flask          # Adds flask==3.0.0

# Development dependencies
uv add --dev pytest pytest-cov ruff mypy black

# Optional dependency groups
uv add --group docs sphinx sphinx-rtd-theme
uv add --group test pytest-asyncio hypothesis

# From various sources
uv add git+https://github.com/psf/requests@main
uv add --editable ./local-package
uv add ../sibling-package

Remove dependencies:

uv remove requests flask
uv remove --dev pytest
uv remove --group docs sphinx

Lock and sync environments:

# Update lockfile with latest compatible versions
uv lock

# Upgrade all packages
uv lock --upgrade

# Upgrade specific packages
uv lock --upgrade-package requests --upgrade-package flask

# Install all dependencies from lockfile
uv sync

# Install without dev dependencies (production)
uv sync --no-dev

# Install with optional groups
uv sync --extra docs --extra test
uv sync --extra docs,test  # Comma-separated (0.9.30+)

# Sync without updating lockfile (CI mode)
uv sync --frozen

# Error if lockfile out of sync (strict CI mode)
uv sync --locked

3. Running Code in Project Context

Execute scripts and commands:

# Run Python script in project environment
uv run python script.py

# Run module (like python -m)
uv run -m pytest
uv run -m flask run --port 8000

# Run with specific Python version
uv run --python 3.11 script.py
uv run --python pypy@3.9 test.py

# Run without syncing first (use current environment state)
uv run --frozen script.py

# Run with additional temporary dependencies
uv run --with httpx --with rich script.py

# Run without project dependencies (standalone)
uv run --no-project example.py

# Run with environment variables from file
uv run --env-file .env script.py

4. PEP 723 Inline Script Metadata

Create portable single-file scripts with dependencies:

# Initialize script with metadata block
uv init --script example.py --python 3.12

# Add dependencies to existing script
uv add --script example.py requests rich

Example script structure:

#!/usr/bin/env -S uv --quiet run --active --script
# /// script
# requires-python = ">=3.11"
# dependencies = [
#   "requests>=2.31",
#   "rich>=13.0",
# ]
# ///

import requests
from rich import print

response = requests.get("https://api.github.com/repos/astral-sh/uv")
print(f"Stars: {response.json()['stargazers_count']}")

Run scripts:

# Auto-creates isolated environment and runs
uv run example.py

# Run with additional dependencies
uv run --with beautifulsoup4 example.py

# Lock script for reproducibility
uv lock --script example.py  # Creates example.py.lock

# Make executable and run directly
chmod +x example.py
./example.py

Best practices for scripts:

• Always include requires-python for compatibility
• Use version constraints for critical dependencies
• Lock scripts before sharing for reproducibility
• Add exclude-newer in [tool.uv] for time-based pinning (supports relative durations like "2 days ago" or "1w" since 0.9.17)

5. Tool Management

One-off tool execution (ephemeral environments):

# Run tool without installing (uvx is alias)
uvx ruff check
uvx pycowsay "hello from uv"

# Run specific version
uvx ruff@0.3.0 check
uvx --from 'ruff>=0.3.0,<0.4.0' ruff check

# Run tool from different package
uvx --from httpie http GET example.com

# Run with plugin/additional dependencies
uvx --with mkdocs-material mkdocs serve

Persistent tool installation:

# Install tool globally (adds to PATH)
uv tool install ruff black mypy

# Install with version constraint
uv tool install 'httpie>0.1.0'

# Install from git
uv tool install git+https://github.com/httpie/cli

# Install with additional packages
uv tool install mkdocs --with mkdocs-material

# Upgrade tools
uv tool upgrade ruff
uv tool upgrade --all

# List installed tools
uv tool list
uv tool list --show-paths

# Uninstall tool
uv tool uninstall ruff

# Update shell configuration for tools
uv tool update-shell

6. Python Version Management

Install and manage Python versions:

# Install specific Python version (auto-downloads if needed)
uv python install 3.12
uv python install 3.11 3.12 3.13  # Multiple at once

# Install and compile standard library bytecode (0.9.25+)
uv python install --compile-bytecode 3.12

# Request GIL-enabled interpreter for free-threaded Python (0.9.8+)
uv python install 3.13+gil

# List available versions
uv python list
uv python list --all-versions

# Pin Python version for project
uv python pin 3.12  # Creates .python-version
uv python pin --global 3.12  # Global pin

# Find Python executable
uv python find 3.11

# Upgrade Python installations (stable in 0.10.0)
uv python upgrade 3.11
uv python upgrade --all
uv python upgrade --compile-bytecode 3.11

# Use specific Python for command
uv run --python 3.11 script.py
uv venv --python 3.12.0

Python is automatically downloaded when needed:

• Supports CPython, PyPy, GraalPy, Pyodide, and other implementations
• Managed installations stored in ~/.local/share/uv/python/ (Unix)
• Preference configurable: only-managed, managed, system, only-system
• 0.10.0 change: Alternative implementations (PyPy, GraalPy, Pyodide) now install executables under their implementation name (e.g., pypy3.10 instead of python3.10)

7. Virtual Environment Management

Create virtual environments:

# Create in .venv directory (default)
uv venv

# Clear and recreate existing environment (required since 0.10.0)
uv venv --clear

# Create with specific Python version
uv venv --python 3.11
uv venv --python pypy3.9

# Create with custom path
uv venv myenv

# Create with system packages access
uv venv --system-site-packages

# Create with seed packages (pip, setuptools, wheel)
uv venv --seed

# Activate (standard Python activation)
source .venv/bin/activate  # Unix
.venv\Scripts\activate     # Windows

Warning (changed in 0.10.0): uv venv now refuses to overwrite an existing environment. Pass --clear (or set UV_VENV_CLEAR=1) to remove and recreate it.

8. pip-Compatible Interface

Direct pip replacement commands:

# Install packages
uv pip install flask requests
uv pip install -r requirements.txt
uv pip install -e .  # Editable install

# Install from git
uv pip install git+https://github.com/psf/requests
uv pip install git+https://github.com/pallets/flask@main

# Compile requirements (like pip-compile)
uv pip compile pyproject.toml -o requirements.txt
uv pip compile requirements.in -o requirements.txt
uv pip compile --upgrade-package ruff requirements.in

# Sync environment to exact requirements (like pip-sync)
uv pip sync requirements.txt

# Uninstall packages
uv pip uninstall flask requests
uv pip uninstall -r requirements.txt

# List installed packages
uv pip list
uv pip list --format json
uv pip freeze > requirements.txt
uv pip freeze --exclude setuptools --exclude pip  # Exclude packages (0.9.27+)

# Show package info
uv pip show requests

# Check for conflicts
uv pip check

# Display dependency tree
uv pip tree
uv pip tree --depth 2

# Check if package is installed
uv pip freeze | grep -q '^requests=='
uv pip list --format json | jq -e '.[] | select(.name == "requests")'
uv pip show requests

Package check benchmarks (76 packages installed):

uv pip show is slower because it resolves Requires and Required-by relationships.

9. Workspace Management (Monorepos)

Configure workspaces in root pyproject.toml:

[tool.uv.workspace]
members = ["packages/*", "apps/*"]
exclude = ["packages/deprecated"]

Workspace dependency references:

[project]
name = "myapp"
dependencies = ["shared-lib", "core-utils"]

[tool.uv.sources]
shared-lib = { workspace = true }
core-utils = { workspace = true }

Workspace commands:

# Build specific workspace package
uv build --package my-package

# Run in workspace package context
uv run --package my-package python script.py

# Lock workspace (single lockfile for all members)
uv lock

10. Workspace Commands (Stable in 0.10.0)

List and inspect workspace members:

# List all workspace members
uv workspace list

# Show workspace member paths
uv workspace list --paths

# Print workspace root directory
uv workspace dir

11. Dependency Exclusions (0.9.8+)

Exclude packages from resolution:

# In pyproject.toml
[tool.uv]
dependency-exclusions = ["unwanted-package"]

# Or via CLI
uv sync --exclude unwanted-package

12. SBOM Export (0.9.11+)

Export Software Bill of Materials:

# Export dependencies as CycloneDX SBOM
uv export --format cyclonedx-json -o sbom.json

13. Package Building and Publishing

Build distributions:

# Build wheel and source distribution
uv build

# Build only wheel
uv build --wheel

# Build specific workspace package
uv build --package my-package

# Output to custom directory
uv build --out-dir dist/

Publish to PyPI:

# Publish directly with uv
uv publish

# Publish with token
uv publish --token $PYPI_TOKEN

# Publish to test PyPI
uv publish --publish-url https://test.pypi.org/legacy/

# Smoke test before publishing
uv run --isolated --no-project --with dist/*.whl python -c "import my_package"

PEP 740 attestations (0.9.12+): uv publish automatically collects and uploads attestations when available.

Build before publishing:

uv build --clear  # Remove old artifacts first (0.9.6+)
uv publish --build  # Build and publish in one step

Configuration

pyproject.toml Structure

Standard project configuration:

[project]
name = "myproject"
version = "1.0.0"
description = "My awesome project"
requires-python = ">=3.11"
dependencies = [
    "fastapi>=0.115.2",
    "pydantic>=2.5.3",
]

# Development dependencies using PEP 735 dependency groups
[dependency-groups]
dev = [
    "pytest>=8.4.2",
    "pytest-cov>=6.0.0",
    "pytest-mock>=3.15.1",
    "ruff>=0.13.3",
    "pyright>=1.1.406",
    "mypy>=1.18.2",
    "pre-commit>=4.3.0",
]
docs = ["sphinx>=7.0", "sphinx-rtd-theme>=1.3.0"]
test = ["pytest-cov>=6.0.0", "pytest-asyncio>=0.21.0"]

[build-system]
requires = ["hatchling"]
build-backend = "hatchling.build"

[tool.uv]
# Core settings
managed = true
package = true
default-groups = ["dev"]

# Resolution
resolution = "highest"  # or "lowest", "lowest-direct"
index-strategy = "first-index"

# Build configuration
compile-bytecode = true
no-build-isolation-package = ["flash-attn"]

# Dependency exclusions (0.9.8+)
dependency-exclusions = ["unwanted-package"]

# PyTorch accelerator backend (0.9.18+ in config)
torch-backend = "auto"  # or "cu121", "rocm7.0", "cpu"

# Python management
python-preference = "managed"
python-downloads = "automatic"

# Custom package sources
[tool.uv.sources]
torch = { index = "pytorch-cu121" }
internal-lib = { workspace = true }

# Custom indexes
[[tool.uv.index]]
name = "pytorch-cu121"
url = "https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121"
explicit = true

Environment Variables

Key environment variables:

# Cache and directories
export UV_CACHE_DIR="/custom/cache"
export UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT=".venv"
export UV_WORKING_DIR="/path/to/project"  # Preferred over UV_WORKING_DIRECTORY (0.9.14+)

# Python management
export UV_PYTHON_PREFERENCE="managed"
export UV_PYTHON_DOWNLOADS="automatic"

# Network configuration
export UV_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS=20
export UV_CONCURRENT_BUILDS=8

# Index authentication
export UV_INDEX_PRIVATE_USERNAME="user"
export UV_INDEX_PRIVATE_PASSWORD="pass"

# Preview features
export UV_PREVIEW=1

# Disable cache
export UV_NO_CACHE=1

# System Python
export UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON=1

# Dependency group control (0.9.8+)
export UV_NO_GROUP="docs"
export UV_NO_SOURCES=1
export UV_NO_DEFAULT_GROUPS=1

# Virtual environment (0.10.0+)
export UV_VENV_CLEAR=1  # Auto-remove existing venvs

# Build output control (0.9.15+)
export UV_HIDE_BUILD_OUTPUT=1

# Git LFS (0.9.15+)
export UV_GIT_LFS=1

# PyTorch accelerator backend
export UV_TORCH_BACKEND="cu121"  # or rocm7.0, rocm7.1, cpu, auto

# SSL certificate directory (0.9.10+)
export SSL_CERT_DIR="/path/to/certs"

For complete configuration reference, see references/configuration.md.

Common Workflows

Starting a New Project

# 1. Initialize project
uv init myproject
cd myproject

# 2. Add dependencies
uv add fastapi uvicorn sqlalchemy

# 3. Add dev dependencies
uv add --dev pytest ruff mypy

# 4. Run application
uv run python main.py

# 5. Run tests
uv run pytest

Creating a Portable Script

# 1. Create script with metadata
uv init --script analyze.py --python 3.11

# 2. Add dependencies
uv add --script analyze.py pandas matplotlib

# 3. Edit script content
# (add your code to analyze.py)

# 4. Lock for reproducibility
uv lock --script analyze.py

# 5. Make executable
chmod +x analyze.py

# 6. Run
./analyze.py

Migrating from pip/requirements.txt

# 1. Initialize project
uv init --bare

# 2. Import dependencies
uv add -r requirements.txt
uv add --dev -r requirements-dev.txt

# 3. Remove old files
rm requirements.txt requirements-dev.txt

# 4. Use uv commands going forward
uv sync  # Install dependencies
uv add new-package  # Add new dependency

Migrating from Poetry

# Option 1: Automated migration
uvx migrate-to-uv
uvx migrate-to-uv --dry-run  # Preview first

# Option 2: Manual conversion
# - Convert [tool.poetry] to [project]
# - Convert poetry.lock to uv.lock: uv lock
# - Use uv commands instead of poetry commands

CI/CD Integration (GitHub Actions)

Basic CI workflow:

name: CI
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install uv
        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
        with:
          enable-cache: true

      - name: Set up Python
        run: uv python install 3.11

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: uv sync --frozen --all-extras

      - name: Run tests
        run: uv run pytest

      - name: Run linters
        run: |
          uv run ruff check .
          uv run mypy .

Publishing workflow with trusted publishing:

name: Publish
on:
  push:
    tags:
      - v*

jobs:
  publish:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment:
      name: pypi
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      contents: read
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
      - run: uv python install 3.13
      - run: uv build
      - run: uv run --isolated --no-project --with dist/*.whl tests/smoke_test.py
      - run: uv publish # Uses trusted publishing

Docker Integration

Note (0.10.0): Debian Bookworm, Alpine 3.21, and Python 3.8 Docker images are no longer published. Use uv:trixie/uv:debian and uv:alpine3.22/uv:alpine instead.

FROM python:3.12-slim

# Install uv
COPY --from=ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:latest /uv /usr/local/bin/uv

WORKDIR /app

# Copy dependency files
COPY pyproject.toml uv.lock ./

# Install dependencies
RUN uv sync --frozen --no-dev

# Copy application
COPY . .

# Use virtual environment
ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"

CMD ["python", "main.py"]

Git Hook Integration (pre-commit / prek)

Configure uv-managed tools in .pre-commit-config.yaml:

Note: Both pre-commit and prek use the same configuration file with identical syntax.

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  - repo: local
    hooks:
      - id: custom-hook
        name: Run Custom Hook
        entry: uv run my-hook-script
        language: system
        stages: [commit]
        pass_filenames: false
        always_run: true

Benefits of uv run in git hooks:

• Uses project's locked dependencies automatically
• No separate hook environment needed
• Ensures consistency between development and git hook checks
• Works with both pre-commit (Python) and prek (Rust)

Troubleshooting

"Externally Managed" Error

Problem: error: The interpreter is externally managed

Solution: Use virtual environments instead of --system:

uv venv
source .venv/bin/activate
uv pip install package

Build Failures

Problem: Package fails to build from source

Common causes:

• Missing system dependencies (compilers, headers)
• Python version incompatibility
• Outdated package version

Solutions:

• Install system dependencies: apt-get install python3-dev build-essential
• Add version constraints: uv add "numpy>=1.20"
• Check error message for missing modules

Lockfile Out of Sync

Problem: Dependencies changed but lockfile not updated

Solutions:

uv lock           # Regenerate lockfile
uv sync --locked  # Error if out of sync (CI mode)
uv sync --frozen  # Don't update lockfile

Cache Issues

Problem: Stale cache causing problems

Solutions:

uv cache size           # Show cache disk usage (0.9.8+)
uv cache clean          # Clean entire cache
uv cache prune          # Remove unreachable entries
uv --no-cache <command> # Bypass cache temporarily

Common Pitfalls

1. Forgetting --clear when recreating venvs (0.10.0+):

# Since 0.10.0, uv venv refuses to overwrite
uv venv          # Errors if .venv already exists
uv venv --clear  # Required to remove and recreate

2. Forgetting to sync after adding dependencies:

uv add requests  # Adds to pyproject.toml and updates lockfile
uv sync          # Required to actually install the package

3. Incorrect workspace glob patterns:

• Wrong: members = ["packages/"] (missing asterisk)
• Correct: members = ["packages/*"]

4. Missing build-system for libraries:

Libraries and packages require a [build-system] section:

[build-system]
requires = ["hatchling"]
build-backend = "hatchling.build"

5. Wrong file mode for TOML operations:

• Use text mode 'r' and 'w' with tomlkit
• Do not use binary mode 'rb' or 'wb'

6. Incorrect workspace source syntax:

• Wrong: { workspace = "true" } (string "true")
• Correct: { workspace = true } (boolean true)

7. Not using --frozen in CI:

# CI should fail if lockfile is outdated
uv sync --frozen

8. Incompatible Python version ranges in workspaces:

All workspace members must have compatible requires-python ranges. If one member requires >=3.11 and another requires >=3.12, the workspace will use >=3.12.

For more troubleshooting scenarios, see references/troubleshooting.md.

Resources

This skill includes comprehensive reference documentation:

references/

• cli_reference.md - Complete CLI commands and arguments reference
• configuration.md - All configuration options and environment variables
• workflows.md - Detailed workflow guides and examples
• troubleshooting.md - Common issues and solutions

assets/

• pyproject_templates/ - Example pyproject.toml configurations
• script_examples/ - PEP 723 script templates
• docker_examples/ - Docker configuration templates
• github_actions/ - CI/CD workflow examples

Key Principles

1. Speed: uv is 10-100x faster than traditional tools
2. Reproducibility: Lockfiles ensure consistent environments
3. Simplicity: Single tool replaces multiple Python tools
4. Modern Standards: PEP 723 scripts, standard pyproject.toml
5. Developer Experience: Automatic Python installation, smart defaults

Version Information

Current latest version: 0.10.2 (February 2026)

0.10.0 Breaking Changes (February 2026)

• uv venv no longer auto-removes existing environments -- pass --clear or set UV_VENV_CLEAR=1
• Multiple default = true indexes now error (previously silently accepted)
• Unnamed explicit indexes now error (must have a name for [tool.uv.sources] references)
• Alternative Python implementations (PyPy, GraalPy, Pyodide) install under their implementation name (e.g., pypy3.10 not python3.10)
• uv tool run and uv tool install respect the global Python version pin
• Docker: Debian Bookworm, Alpine 3.21, and Python 3.8 images removed; use uv:trixie/uv:debian and uv:alpine3.22/uv:alpine
• uv format upgraded to Ruff 0.15.0 (2026 style guide); pin with uv format --version 0.14.14 to opt out
• exclude-newer lockfile changes no longer cause full version upgrades; use --upgrade explicitly

Features Stabilized in 0.10.0

• uv python upgrade / uv python install --upgrade
• uv workspace list / uv workspace dir
• uv add --bounds and add-bounds configuration
• extra-build-dependencies configuration

Key Features Added Since 0.9.5

• uv cache size command (0.9.8)
• First-class dependency exclusions via tool.uv.dependency-exclusions (0.9.8)
• Free-threaded Python +gil suffix for interpreter requests (0.9.8)
• SBOM export format in uv export (0.9.11)
• PEP 740 attestation auto-collection in uv publish (0.9.12)
• Git LFS support via UV_GIT_LFS (0.9.15)
• Relative durations for exclude-newer (e.g., "2 days ago", "1w") (0.9.17)
• --torch-backend in [tool.uv] configuration (0.9.18)
• ROCm 6.4, 7.0, 7.1 accelerator backend support (0.9.15, 0.9.27)
• Pyodide interpreter support on Windows (0.9.28)
• --compile-bytecode for uv python install/upgrade (0.9.25)
• uv pip freeze --exclude (0.9.27)
• Comma-separated values for --extra, --no-binary, --only-binary (0.9.30, 0.9.20)
• uv build --clear to remove old build artifacts (0.9.6)
• 5-minute default timeout on file locks (0.9.16)
• Proxy variables configurable via global/user config files (0.9.23)

Python Versions Added Since 0.9.5

• CPython 3.15.0a2 through 3.15.0a5
• CPython 3.14.1, 3.14.2, 3.14.3
• CPython 3.13.10, 3.13.11, 3.13.12
• Pyodide 0.29.2, 0.29.3
• GraalPy 25.0.1, 25.0.2

Deprecations

• --project flag in uv init deprecated; use positional argument or --name (0.9.9)
• UV_WORKING_DIRECTORY superseded by UV_WORKING_DIR (0.9.14)

External Resources

• Official docs: https://docs.astral.sh/uv/
• GitHub: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv
• Concepts guide: https://docs.astral.sh/uv/concepts/
• Migration guides: https://docs.astral.sh/uv/guides/migration/