K8S

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Kubernetes Operations

Current Versions (Verify Before Use)

kubectl version --client          # kubectl version
kubectl version                   # client + server versions
helm version                      # Helm version

Check Kubernetes releases for the latest stable and Helm releases.

Core Principles

1. Declarative over imperative. Use YAML manifests and kubectl apply. Avoid kubectl run, kubectl create for production.
2. GitOps is the default. Every manifest change goes through version control and automated sync (ArgoCD, Flux, or similar).
3. Resource limits are mandatory. Every container must have requests and limits for CPU and memory.
4. Health probes are mandatory. Every container must have livenessProbe and readinessProbe.
5. Least privilege RBAC. Every ServiceAccount has the minimum permissions required.

Manifest Review Checklist

Deployment / Pod Spec

• Resource requests and limits defined for all containers
• livenessProbe and readinessProbe defined
• securityContext sets runAsNonRoot: true, readOnlyRootFilesystem: true where possible
• imagePullPolicy: Always or pinned image digest (no implicit IfNotPresent with latest)
• replicas appropriate for the workload (not hardcoded to 1 for stateless services)
• strategy defined for rolling updates (RollingUpdate with maxUnavailable/maxSurge)

Service / Ingress

• Service selector matches Deployment labels exactly
• Ingress has TLS configured (no plaintext HTTP in production)
• Ingress paths don't overlap ambiguously
• Backend service port matches container port

Config / Secrets

• Secrets are base64-encoded (not plaintext in YAML)
• ConfigMaps don't contain sensitive data (use Secrets)
• Environment variables reference ConfigMaps/Secrets via valueFrom (not hardcoded)

RBAC

• Role/ClusterRole has explicit verbs and resources (no wildcard *)
• ServiceAccount is explicitly defined (not default)
• Bindings are scoped to namespaces where possible

Validation Commands

# Dry-run before apply
kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml --dry-run=server

# Validate with strict schema
kubectl apply -f manifest.yaml --dry-run=server --validate=strict

# Check resource usage vs limits
kubectl top pods -n <namespace>
kubectl describe node <node-name>

# Audit security posture
kubectl auth can-i --list --as=system:serviceaccount:<ns>:<sa>

# Helm validation
helm lint ./chart
helm template ./chart | kubectl apply --dry-run=server -f -
helm install --dry-run --debug release-name ./chart

Resource Limits Template

resources:
  requests:
    memory: "128Mi"
    cpu: "100m"
  limits:
    memory: "256Mi"
    cpu: "500m"

Rules of thumb:

• requests = observed steady-state usage + 20%
• limits = observed peak usage + 50%
• Memory limits are hard limits (OOMKill at limit)
• CPU limits are throttled, not killed

Health Probe Patterns

livenessProbe:
  httpGet:
    path: /health/live
    port: 8080
  initialDelaySeconds: 10
  periodSeconds: 10
  failureThreshold: 3

readinessProbe:
  httpGet:
    path: /health/ready
    port: 8080
  initialDelaySeconds: 5
  periodSeconds: 5

• Liveness: Is the process alive? If failing, kubelet restarts the container.
• Readiness: Is the pod ready to serve traffic? If failing, pod is removed from Service endpoints.
• Startup: For slow-starting apps. Disables liveness/readiness until complete.

Common Anti-Patterns

Troubleshooting Flow

1. Pod stuck Pending: kubectl describe pod → check node resources, taints, PVC binding
2. Pod CrashLoopBackOff: kubectl logs --previous → check exit code, OOMKilled, application error
3. Service not reachable: Check selector match, endpoints (kubectl get endpoints), port alignment
4. Ingress 502/503: Check backend health, readiness probe, Service port
5. High memory usage: kubectl top pod → check limits, consider HPA or VPA
6. RBAC denied: kubectl auth can-i <verb> <resource> --as=system:serviceaccount:<ns>:<sa>

Helm Best Practices

# Chart.yaml
apiVersion: v2
name: myapp
description: A Helm chart for myapp
type: application
version: 1.0.0
appVersion: "2.0.0"

• Use helm lint in CI
• Template with helm template and pipe to kubectl apply --dry-run=server
• Store values per environment (values-prod.yaml, values-staging.yaml)
• Don't put secrets in values.yaml — use external secret operators

Official Resources

• Kubernetes API reference
• kubectl cheat sheet
• Helm docs
• Pod Security Standards
• RBAC docs