Docker

Docker Skill

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for working with Docker, covering containerization concepts, practical workflows, and best practices across all major technology stacks.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Containerizing applications for any language or framework
• Creating or optimizing Dockerfiles and Docker Compose configurations
• Setting up development environments with Docker
• Deploying containerized applications to production
• Implementing CI/CD pipelines with Docker
• Managing container networking, storage, and security
• Troubleshooting Docker-related issues
• Building multi-platform images
• Implementing microservices architectures

Core Docker Concepts

Containers

• Lightweight, isolated processes that bundle applications with all dependencies
• Provide filesystem isolation via union filesystems and namespace technology
• Ephemeral by default - changes are lost when container stops (unless persisted to volumes)
• Single responsibility principle: each container should do one thing well
• Multiple identical containers can run from same immutable image without conflicts

Images

• Blueprint/template for containers - read-only filesystems + configuration
• Composed of layered filesystem (immutable, reusable layers)
• Built from Dockerfile instructions or committed from running containers
• Stored in registries (Docker Hub, ECR, ACR, GCR, private registries)
• Image naming: REGISTRY/NAMESPACE/REPOSITORY:TAG (e.g., docker.io/library/nginx:latest)

Volumes & Storage

• Volumes: Docker-managed persistent storage that survives container deletion
• Bind mounts: Direct mapping of host filesystem paths into containers
• tmpfs mounts: In-memory storage for temporary data
• Enable data sharing between containers and persist beyond container lifecycle

Networks

• Default bridge network connects containers on same host
• Custom networks allow explicit container communication with DNS resolution
• Host network removes network isolation for performance
• Overlay networks enable multi-host container communication (Swarm)
• MACVLAN/IPvlan for containers needing direct L2/L3 network access

Dockerfile Best Practices

Essential Instructions

FROM <image>:<tag>                        # Base image (use specific versions, not 'latest')
WORKDIR /app                              # Working directory for subsequent commands
COPY package*.json ./                     # Copy dependency files first (for caching)
RUN npm install --production              # Execute build commands
COPY . .                                  # Copy application code
ENV NODE_ENV=production                   # Environment variables
EXPOSE 3000                               # Document exposed ports
USER node                                 # Run as non-root user (security)
CMD ["node", "server.js"]                 # Default command when container starts

Multi-Stage Builds (Critical for Production)

Separate build environment from runtime environment to reduce image size and improve security:

# Stage 1: Build
FROM node:20-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Stage 2: Production
FROM node:20-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=build /app/node_modules ./node_modules
USER node
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

Benefits: Compiled assets without build tools in final image, smaller size, improved security

Layer Caching Optimization

Order matters! Docker reuses layers if instruction unchanged:

1. Dependencies first (COPY package.json, RUN npm install)
2. Application code last (COPY . .)
3. This way, code changes don't invalidate dependency layers

Security Hardening

# Use specific versions
FROM node:20.11.0-alpine3.19

# Create non-root user
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && \
    adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

# Set ownership
COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs . .

# Switch to non-root
USER nodejs

# Read-only root filesystem (when possible)
# Add --read-only flag when running container

.dockerignore File

Exclude unnecessary files from build context:

node_modules
.git
.env
.env.local
*.log
.DS_Store
README.md
docker-compose.yml
.dockerignore
Dockerfile
dist
coverage
.vscode

Common Workflows

Building Images

# Build with tag
docker build -t myapp:1.0 .

# Build targeting specific stage
docker build -t myapp:dev --target build .

# Build with build arguments
docker build --build-arg NODE_ENV=production -t myapp:1.0 .

# Build for multiple platforms
docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 -t myapp:1.0 .

# View image layers and size
docker image history myapp:1.0

# List all images
docker image ls

Running Containers

# Basic run
docker run myapp:1.0

# Run in background (detached)
docker run -d --name myapp myapp:1.0

# Port mapping (host:container)
docker run -p 8080:3000 myapp:1.0

# Environment variables
docker run -e NODE_ENV=production -e API_KEY=secret myapp:1.0

# Volume mount (named volume)
docker run -v mydata:/app/data myapp:1.0

# Bind mount (development)
docker run -v $(pwd)/src:/app/src myapp:1.0

# Custom network
docker run --network my-network myapp:1.0

# Resource limits
docker run --memory 512m --cpus 0.5 myapp:1.0

# Interactive terminal
docker run -it myapp:1.0 /bin/sh

# Override entrypoint/command
docker run --entrypoint /bin/sh myapp:1.0
docker run myapp:1.0 custom-command --arg

Container Management

# List running containers
docker ps

# List all containers (including stopped)
docker ps -a

# View logs
docker logs myapp
docker logs -f myapp              # Follow logs
docker logs --tail 100 myapp      # Last 100 lines

# Execute command in running container
docker exec myapp ls /app
docker exec -it myapp /bin/sh     # Interactive shell

# Stop container (graceful)
docker stop myapp

# Kill container (immediate)
docker kill myapp

# Remove container
docker rm myapp
docker rm -f myapp                # Force remove running container

# View container details
docker inspect myapp

# Monitor resource usage
docker stats myapp

# View container processes
docker top myapp

# Copy files to/from container
docker cp myapp:/app/logs ./logs
docker cp ./config.json myapp:/app/config.json

Image Management

# Tag image
docker tag myapp:1.0 registry.example.com/myapp:1.0

# Push to registry
docker login registry.example.com
docker push registry.example.com/myapp:1.0

# Pull from registry
docker pull nginx:alpine

# Remove image
docker image rm myapp:1.0

# Remove unused images
docker image prune

# Remove all unused resources (images, containers, volumes, networks)
docker system prune -a

# View disk usage
docker system df

Volume Management

# Create named volume
docker volume create mydata

# List volumes
docker volume ls

# Inspect volume
docker volume inspect mydata

# Remove volume
docker volume rm mydata

# Remove unused volumes
docker volume prune

Network Management

# Create network
docker network create my-network
docker network create --driver bridge my-bridge

# List networks
docker network ls

# Inspect network
docker network inspect my-network

# Connect container to network
docker network connect my-network myapp

# Disconnect container from network
docker network disconnect my-network myapp

# Remove network
docker network rm my-network

Docker Compose

When to Use Compose

• Multi-container applications (web + database + cache)
• Consistent development environments across team
• Simplifying complex docker run commands
• Managing application dependencies and startup order

Basic Compose File Structure

version: "3.8"

services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/app
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    volumes:
      - ./src:/app/src # Development: live code reload
    networks:
      - app-network
    restart: unless-stopped

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine
    environment:
      POSTGRES_USER: user
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: pass
      POSTGRES_DB: app
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    networks:
      - app-network
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U user"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    networks:
      - app-network
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data

volumes:
  postgres_data:
  redis_data:

networks:
  app-network:
    driver: bridge

Compose Commands

# Start all services
docker compose up

# Start in background
docker compose up -d

# Build images before starting
docker compose up --build

# Scale specific service
docker compose up -d --scale web=3

# Stop all services
docker compose down

# Stop and remove volumes
docker compose down --volumes

# View logs
docker compose logs
docker compose logs -f web        # Follow specific service

# Execute command in service
docker compose exec web sh
docker compose exec db psql -U user -d app

# List running services
docker compose ps

# Restart service
docker compose restart web

# Pull latest images
docker compose pull

# Validate compose file
docker compose config

Development vs Production Compose

compose.yml (base configuration):

services:
  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/app

compose.override.yml (development overrides, loaded automatically):

services:
  web:
    volumes:
      - ./src:/app/src # Live code reload
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=development
      - DEBUG=true
    command: npm run dev

compose.prod.yml (production overrides):

services:
  web:
    image: registry.example.com/myapp:1.0
    restart: always
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
    deploy:
      replicas: 3
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: "0.5"
          memory: 512M

Usage:

# Development (uses compose.yml + compose.override.yml automatically)
docker compose up

# Production (explicit override)
docker compose -f compose.yml -f compose.prod.yml up -d

Language-Specific Dockerfiles

Node.js

FROM node:20-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM node:20-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=build /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY package*.json ./
USER node
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

Python

FROM python:3.11-slim AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

FROM python:3.11-slim AS production
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages /usr/local/lib/python3.11/site-packages
COPY . .
RUN adduser --disabled-password --gecos '' appuser && \
    chown -R appuser:appuser /app
USER appuser
EXPOSE 8000
CMD ["python", "app.py"]

Go

FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -o main .

FROM scratch
COPY --from=build /app/main /main
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["/main"]

Java (Spring Boot)

FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jdk-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY pom.xml .
COPY src ./src
RUN ./mvnw clean package -DskipTests

FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jre-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=build /app/target/*.jar app.jar
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S spring && \
    adduser -S spring -u 1001
USER spring
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]

React/Vue/Angular (Static SPA)

FROM node:20-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM nginx:alpine AS production
COPY --from=build /app/dist /usr/share/nginx/html
COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
EXPOSE 80
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]

Production Deployment

Health Checks

In Dockerfile:

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=40s --retries=3 \
  CMD curl -f http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1

In Compose:

services:
  web:
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:3000/health"]
      interval: 30s
      timeout: 3s
      start-period: 40s
      retries: 3

Resource Limits

services:
  web:
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: "0.5"
          memory: 512M
        reservations:
          cpus: "0.25"
          memory: 256M

Restart Policies

services:
  web:
    restart: unless-stopped # Restart unless manually stopped
    # Other options: "no", "always", "on-failure"

Logging Configuration

services:
  web:
    logging:
      driver: "json-file"
      options:
        max-size: "10m"
        max-file: "3"

Environment Variables & Secrets

Using .env file:

# .env
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/app
API_KEY=secret

services:
  web:
    env_file:
      - .env

Using Docker secrets (Swarm):

services:
  web:
    secrets:
      - db_password

secrets:
  db_password:
    external: true

Production Checklist

• ✅ Use specific image versions (not latest)
• ✅ Run as non-root user
• ✅ Multi-stage builds to minimize image size
• ✅ Health checks implemented
• ✅ Resource limits configured
• ✅ Restart policy set
• ✅ Logging configured
• ✅ Secrets managed securely (not in environment variables)
• ✅ Vulnerability scanning (Docker Scout)
• ✅ Read-only root filesystem when possible
• ✅ Network segmentation
• ✅ Regular image updates

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions Example

name: Docker Build and Push

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3

      - name: Login to Docker Hub
        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}

      - name: Build and push
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
          tags: user/app:latest,user/app:${{ github.sha }}
          cache-from: type=registry,ref=user/app:buildcache
          cache-to: type=registry,ref=user/app:buildcache,mode=max

      - name: Run vulnerability scan
        uses: docker/scout-action@v1
        with:
          command: cves
          image: user/app:${{ github.sha }}

Security Best Practices

Scan for Vulnerabilities

# Using Docker Scout
docker scout cves myapp:1.0
docker scout recommendations myapp:1.0

# Quick view
docker scout quickview myapp:1.0

Run Containers Securely

# Read-only root filesystem
docker run --read-only -v /tmp --tmpfs /run myapp:1.0

# Drop all capabilities, add only needed ones
docker run --cap-drop=ALL --cap-add=NET_BIND_SERVICE myapp:1.0

# No new privileges
docker run --security-opt=no-new-privileges myapp:1.0

# Use security profiles
docker run --security-opt apparmor=docker-default myapp:1.0

# Limit resources
docker run --memory=512m --cpus=0.5 --pids-limit=100 myapp:1.0

Image Security Checklist

• ✅ Start with minimal base images (Alpine, Distroless)
• ✅ Use specific versions, not latest
• ✅ Scan for vulnerabilities regularly
• ✅ Run as non-root user
• ✅ Don't include secrets in images (use runtime secrets)
• ✅ Minimize attack surface (only install needed packages)
• ✅ Use multi-stage builds (no build tools in final image)
• ✅ Sign and verify images
• ✅ Keep images updated

Networking Patterns

Bridge Network (Default)

# Create custom bridge network
docker network create my-bridge

# Run containers on custom bridge
docker run -d --name web --network my-bridge nginx
docker run -d --name db --network my-bridge postgres

# Containers can communicate via container name
# web can connect to: http://db:5432

Container Communication

services:
  web:
    depends_on:
      - db
    environment:
      # Use service name as hostname
      - DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/app

  db:
    image: postgres:15-alpine

Port Publishing

# Publish single port
docker run -p 8080:80 nginx

# Publish range of ports
docker run -p 8080-8090:8080-8090 myapp

# Publish to specific interface
docker run -p 127.0.0.1:8080:80 nginx

# Publish all exposed ports to random ports
docker run -P nginx

Storage Patterns

Named Volumes (Recommended for Data)

# Create and use named volume
docker volume create app-data
docker run -v app-data:/app/data myapp

# Automatic creation
docker run -v app-data:/app/data myapp  # Creates if doesn't exist

Bind Mounts (Development)

# Live code reload during development
docker run -v $(pwd)/src:/app/src myapp

# Read-only bind mount
docker run -v $(pwd)/config:/app/config:ro myapp

tmpfs Mounts (Temporary In-Memory)

# Store temporary data in memory
docker run --tmpfs /tmp myapp

Volume Backup & Restore

# Backup volume
docker run --rm -v app-data:/data -v $(pwd):/backup alpine \
  tar czf /backup/backup.tar.gz /data

# Restore volume
docker run --rm -v app-data:/data -v $(pwd):/backup alpine \
  tar xzf /backup/backup.tar.gz -C /data

Troubleshooting

Debug Running Container

# View logs
docker logs -f myapp
docker logs --tail 100 myapp

# Interactive shell
docker exec -it myapp /bin/sh

# Inspect container
docker inspect myapp

# View processes
docker top myapp

# Monitor resource usage
docker stats myapp

# View changes to filesystem
docker diff myapp

Debug Build Issues

# Build with verbose output
docker build --progress=plain -t myapp .

# Build specific stage for testing
docker build --target build -t myapp:build .

# Run failed build stage
docker run -it myapp:build /bin/sh

# Check build context
docker build --no-cache -t myapp .

Common Issues

Container exits immediately:

# Check logs
docker logs myapp

# Run with interactive shell
docker run -it myapp /bin/sh

# Override entrypoint
docker run -it --entrypoint /bin/sh myapp

Cannot connect to container:

# Check port mapping
docker ps
docker port myapp

# Check network
docker network inspect bridge
docker inspect myapp | grep IPAddress

# Check if service is listening
docker exec myapp netstat -tulpn

Out of disk space:

# Check disk usage
docker system df

# Clean up
docker system prune -a
docker volume prune
docker image prune -a

Build cache issues:

# Force rebuild without cache
docker build --no-cache -t myapp .

# Clear build cache
docker builder prune

Advanced Topics

Multi-Platform Builds

# Setup buildx
docker buildx create --use

# Build for multiple platforms
docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 \
  -t myapp:1.0 --push .

Build Optimization

# Use BuildKit (enabled by default in recent versions)
DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build -t myapp .

# Use build cache from registry
docker build --cache-from myapp:latest -t myapp:1.0 .

# Export cache to registry
docker build --cache-to type=registry,ref=myapp:buildcache \
  --cache-from type=registry,ref=myapp:buildcache \
  -t myapp:1.0 .

Docker Contexts

# List contexts
docker context ls

# Create remote context
docker context create remote --docker "host=ssh://user@remote"

# Use context
docker context use remote
docker ps  # Now runs on remote host

# Switch back to default
docker context use default

Quick Reference

Most Common Commands

Recommended Base Images

Additional Resources

• Official Documentation: https://docs.docker.com
• Docker Hub: https://hub.docker.com (public image registry)
• Best Practices: https://docs.docker.com/develop/dev-best-practices/
• Security: https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/
• Dockerfile Reference: https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/
• Compose Specification: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/

Summary

Docker containerization provides:

• Consistency across development, testing, and production
• Isolation for applications and dependencies
• Portability across different environments
• Efficiency through layered architecture and caching
• Scalability for microservices and distributed systems

Follow multi-stage builds, run as non-root, use specific versions, implement health checks, scan for vulnerabilities, and configure resource limits for production-ready containerized applications.