Citation Styles

Citation Styles Reference

When to Read This Skill

Read this skill when the user asks to:

• Format citations in a specific style (APA, IEEE, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, GB/T)
• Generate a reference list or bibliography
• Convert citations between styles
• Check citation format correctness
• Format Chinese-language (中文) references

Default: If the user says "just pick one," use APA 7th (most widely accepted).

1. APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Association)

In-text Citation

Reference List Templates

Journal Article

{LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}., & {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. ({Year}). {Article title: Only first word and proper nouns capitalized}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), {StartPage}-{EndPage}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Zhang, L., Wang, R., & Chen, H. (2024). Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. Nature Methods, 21(3), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5

Book

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Book title: Sentence case in italic} ({Edition} ed.). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Creswell, J. W. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Book Chapter

{ChapterAuthor}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Chapter title}. In {EditorInitials} {EditorLastName} (Ed.), {Book title in italic} (pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Liu, M. (2024). Neural network architectures. In R. Chen & S. Wang (Eds.), Advances in artificial intelligence (pp. 45-78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12345-6_3

Conference Paper

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Paper title}. In {Proceedings title in italic} (pp. {Pages}). {Publisher}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Kim, J., & Park, S. (2024). Transformer models for scientific text mining. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL (pp. 1234-1245). Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123

Preprint

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Title}. {Archive Name}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Li, X., & Zhou, Y. (2024). Self-supervised learning for molecular property prediction. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2024.01234

Website

{Author or Organization}. ({Year, Month Day}). {Page title in italic}. {Site Name}. {URL}

National Institutes of Health. (2024, March 15). Climate change and human health research. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health

Dataset

{LastName}, {Initials}. ({Year}). {Dataset title} (Version {X}) [Data set]. {Repository}. https://doi.org/{DOI}

Johnson, A. E. W. (2023). MIMIC-IV clinical database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. PhysioNet. https://doi.org/10.13026/6mm1-ek67

Key Rules

• Hanging indent (0.5 in / 1.27 cm) for each entry
• DOI formatted as a URL: https://doi.org/xxxxx
• List up to 20 authors; for 21+, list first 19, then ... then last author
• Use & before the last author (not "and")
• Sentence case for article/chapter/book titles; title case for journal names
• Alphabetical order by first author's last name
• Same-author-same-year: append a, b, c (Smith, 2024a; Smith, 2024b)

2. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

In-text Citation

References are numbered in order of first appearance in the text.

Reference List Templates

Journal Article

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Article title}," {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}, {Month} {Year}, doi: {DOI}.

[1] L. Zhang and R. Wang, "Deep learning for protein folding," Nature Methods, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 245-260, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Conference Paper

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Paper title}," in {Proc. Conference Name in Italic}, {City}, {State/Country}, {Year}, pp. {Pages}, doi: {DOI}.

[2] J. Kim and S. Park, "Transformer models for NLP," in Proc. 62nd Annu. Meeting ACL, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024, pp. 1234-1245, doi: 10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.123.

Book

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, {Book Title in Italic}, {Edition} ed. {City}, {State/Country}: {Publisher}, {Year}.

[3] J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE, 2023.

Online Source

[{N}] {Author/Organization}, "{Page title}," {Website Name}, {Date}. [Online]. Available: {URL}. [Accessed: {Date}].

[4] National Institutes of Health, "Climate change and health," NIH Research, Mar. 15, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health. [Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024].

Technical Report

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Report title}," {Institution}, {City}, {State/Country}, Rep. {Number}, {Year}.

[5] A. B. Smith, "Performance analysis of 5G networks," MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, MA, USA, Rep. TR-2024-01, 2024.

Patent

[{N}] {Initials}. {LastName}, "{Patent title}," {Country} Patent {Number}, {Month} {Day}, {Year}.

[6] J. Chen, "Method for neural signal processing," U.S. Patent 11 234 567, Jan. 15, 2024.

Key Rules

• Abbreviated first names: J. Smith (not John Smith)
• Article/chapter titles in "double quotes"
• Book and journal titles in italic
• Abbreviate journal names per IEEE standard (e.g., IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.)
• Abbreviate months: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec.
• All authors listed (no "et al." in reference list; use "et al." only for 7+ authors)
• Numbered sequentially — order of first citation, not alphabetical

3. Harvard (Author-Date)

In-text Citation

Note: No comma between author and year (unlike APA).

Reference List Templates

Journal Article

{LastName}, {Initials}., {LastName2}, {Initials2}. and {LastNameN}, {InitialsN}. {Year}. {Article title}. {Journal Name in Italic}, {Volume}({Issue}), pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}. doi:{DOI}.

Zhang, L., Wang, R. and Chen, H. 2024. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction. Nature Methods, 21(3), pp.245-260. doi:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Book

{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}.

Creswell, J.W. 2023. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

Book Chapter

{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Chapter title}. In: {EditorLastName}, {Initials}. ed(s). {Book Title in Italic}. {Place}: {Publisher}, pp.{StartPage}-{EndPage}.

Liu, M. 2024. Neural network architectures. In: Chen, R. and Wang, S. eds. Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Berlin: Springer, pp.45-78.

Conference Paper

{LastName}, {Initials}. {Year}. {Paper title}. In: {Conference Name in Italic}. {Place}, {Date}. {Publisher}, pp.{Pages}.

Kim, J. and Park, S. 2024. Transformer models for scientific text mining. In: 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok, 12-17 Aug. 2024. ACL, pp.1234-1245.

Web Page

{Author/Organization}. {Year}. {Title in Italic}. [online] Available at: {URL} [Accessed {Day} {Month} {Year}].

National Institutes of Health. 2024. Climate Change and Human Health Research. [online] Available at: https://www.nih.gov/climate-health [Accessed 20 Mar. 2024].

Key Rules

• Alphabetical order by first author's last name
• No numbering — entries not numbered
• Year immediately after author name (not in parentheses in reference list)
• "and" between authors (not "&")
• Include [Accessed date] for all online sources
• Title case for book titles; sentence case varies by institution — follow target journal's guide
• Harvard has no single governing body — minor variations exist across institutions

4. MLA 9th Edition (Modern Language Association)

In-text Citation

Note: No comma between author and page number. No "p." before page number.

Works Cited Templates

MLA uses a containers model: each source sits inside one or more containers (journal, website, database).

Core template:

{Author}. "{Source Title}." {Container Title in Italic}, {Other Contributors}, {Version}, {Number}, {Publisher}, {Date}, {Location (pages/URL/DOI)}.

Journal Article

{LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal Name in Italic}, vol. {Vol}, no. {Issue}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}. {Database in Italic}, {DOI or URL}.

Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." Nature Methods, vol. 21, no. 3, 2024, pp. 245-60. Nature, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Book

{LastName}, {FirstName}. {Book Title in Italic}. {Edition}, {Publisher}, {Year}.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed., SAGE Publications, 2023.

Book Chapter

{LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Publisher}, {Year}, pp. {StartPage}-{EndPage}.

Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." Advances in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, Springer, 2024, pp. 45-78.

Website

{Author}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name in Italic}, {Publisher (if different from site name)}, {Day} {Month} {Year}, {URL}.

"Climate Change and Human Health Research." National Institutes of Health, 15 Mar. 2024, www.nih.gov/climate-health.

Film / Video

{Title in Italic}. Directed by {Director Name}, {Production Company}, {Year}.

Oppenheimer. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Universal Pictures, 2023.

Key Rules

• Title case for all titles
• Article/chapter/webpage titles in "double quotes"
• Book/journal/website names in italic
• Full first names (not initials) for authors
• No year in parenthetical in-text citation — use page numbers
• Works Cited list alphabetized by author last name
• Hanging indent, double-spaced
• Abbreviate months (except May, June, July): Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
• Shorten page ranges: 245-60 (not 245-260) for numbers above 100

5. Chicago 17th Edition (Notes-Bibliography)

Chicago has two systems. This section covers Notes-Bibliography (used in humanities). For Author-Date (used in sciences), follow a pattern similar to Harvard/APA.

In-text: Footnotes/Endnotes

First reference gets a full note; subsequent references use a shortened note.

Note Templates (Full) vs Bibliography Templates

Journal Article

Note (full):

{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Article Title}," {Journal Name in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}, https://doi.org/{DOI}.

1. Li Zhang, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction," Nature Methods 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Note (short):

2. Zhang, Wang, and Chen, "Deep Learning Approaches," 250.

Bibliography:

{LastName}, {FirstName}, {FirstName2} {LastName2}, and {FirstNameN} {LastNameN}. "{Article Title}." {Journal in Italic} {Volume}, no. {Issue} ({Year}): {Pages}. https://doi.org/{DOI}.

Zhang, Li, Rui Wang, and Hua Chen. "Deep Learning Approaches for Protein Structure Prediction." Nature Methods 21, no. 3 (2024): 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

Book

Note (full):

{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, {Title in Italic} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Page}.

3. John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th ed. (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023), 112.

Note (short):

4. Creswell, Research Design, 115.

Bibliography:

{LastName}, {FirstName}. {Title in Italic}. {Edition} ed. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}.

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023.

Book Chapter

Note (full):

{N}. {FirstName} {LastName}, "{Chapter Title}," in {Book Title in Italic}, ed. {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName} ({Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}), {Pages}.

5. Min Liu, "Neural Network Architectures," in Advances in Artificial Intelligence, ed. Rui Chen and Shuai Wang (Berlin: Springer, 2024), 45-78.

Bibliography:

{LastName}, {FirstName}. "{Chapter Title}." In {Book Title in Italic}, edited by {Editor FirstName} {Editor LastName}, {Pages}. {Place}: {Publisher}, {Year}.

Liu, Min. "Neural Network Architectures." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, edited by Rui Chen and Shuai Wang, 45-78. Berlin: Springer, 2024.

Website

Note (full):

{N}. {Author/Organization}, "{Page Title}," {Site Name}, {Date}, {URL}.

6. National Institutes of Health, "Climate Change and Human Health Research," NIH, March 15, 2024, https://www.nih.gov/climate-health.

Bibliography:

{Author/Organization}. "{Page Title}." {Site Name}. {Date}. {URL}.

National Institutes of Health. "Climate Change and Human Health Research." NIH. March 15, 2024. https://www.nih.gov/climate-health.

Key Rules

• First note = full citation; subsequent = shortened (LastName, Short Title, page)
• "Ibid." only when citing the same source as the immediately preceding note
• Bibliography alphabetized by last name, hanging indent
• Full first names in notes; last-name-first only for first author in bibliography
• "and" between authors (not "&")
• Publication details in parentheses in notes; no parentheses in bibliography
• Page ranges: use full numbers (245-260, not 245-60)

6. GB/T 7714-2015 (中国国家标准)

文内引用

顺序编码制（理工科常用）

著者-出版年制（社科常用）

文献类型标志（必须标注）

参考文献模板

期刊论文 [J]

[{序号}] {作者}. {文章题名}[J]. {刊名}, {年}, {卷}({期}): {起始页码}-{终止页码}. DOI:{DOI}.

[1] 张磊, 王锐, 陈华. 基于深度学习的蛋白质结构预测方法研究[J]. 计算机学报, 2024, 47(3): 245-260. DOI:10.11897/SP.J.1016.2024.00245.

英文期刊论文 [J]

[2] ZHANG L, WANG R, CHEN H. Deep learning approaches for protein structure prediction[J]. Nature Methods, 2024, 21(3): 245-260. DOI:10.1038/s41592-024-01234-5.

专著/图书 [M]

[{序号}] {作者}. {书名}[M]. {版本 (第1版不标注)}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {出版年}: {引用页码}.

[3] 陈伟. 人工智能导论[M]. 第2版. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2024: 112-135.

[4] CRESWELL J W. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches[M]. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2023.

学位论文 [D]

[{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[D]. {保存地}: {保存单位}, {年份}.

[5] 李晓明. 基于图神经网络的药物分子设计研究[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2024.

会议论文 [C]

[{序号}] {作者}. {论文题名}[C]// {会议论文集名}. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}: {页码}.

[6] 王强, 赵丽. 大语言模型在科学发现中的应用[C]// 第二十三届中国计算语言学大会论文集. 哈尔滨: 中国中文信息学会, 2024: 45-52.

英文会议论文 [C]

[7] KIM J, PARK S. Transformer models for scientific text mining[C]// Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the ACL. Bangkok: ACL, 2024: 1234-1245.

电子文献 [EB/OL]

[{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[EB/OL]. ({发表或更新日期})[{引用日期}]. {URL}. DOI:{DOI}.

[8] 国家自然科学基金委员会. 2024年度项目指南[EB/OL]. (2024-01-15)[2024-03-20]. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/publish/portal0/tab442/info92345.htm.

报纸文章 [N]

[{序号}] {作者}. {题名}[N]. {报纸名}, {出版日期}({版次}).

[9] 张伟. 人工智能赋能基础科学研究[N]. 科技日报, 2024-03-15(001).

标准 [S]

[{序号}] {标准号} {标准名称}[S]. {出版地}: {出版者}, {年}.

[10] GB/T 7714-2015 信息与文献 参考文献著录规则[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2015.

专利 [P]

[{序号}] {专利申请者或所有者}. {专利题名}: {专利号}[P]. {公告日期或公开日期}.

[11] 华为技术有限公司. 一种神经网络模型压缩方法: CN202410123456.7[P]. 2024-06-15.

关键规则

• 文献类型标志必须标注于题名后的方括号内，如 [J]、[M]
• 作者姓名：中文姓名全写；英文姓在前名缩写（ZHANG L）且全大写
• 3位以上作者：列前3位，后加 "等" (中文) 或 "et al." (英文)
• DOI：有 DOI 的文献必须著录 DOI
• 引用日期：电子文献 [EB/OL] 必须标注引用日期，格式 [YYYY-MM-DD]
• 页码：用起止页码，中间用连字符
• 第1版不标注版次，第2版及以上标注

中英文混排规则

• 英文文献中作者姓名全大写：SMITH J, JONES R M
• 中文文献中作者姓名正常书写：张磊, 王锐
• 同一参考文献表中，中英文文献按统一编号排列
• 顺序编码制：按引用顺序排列，不区分中英文
• 著者-出版年制：中英文混排时，通常中文在前英文在后，各自按拼音/字母排序
• 英文文献的题名首词首字母大写，其余小写（非专有名词）
• 中文析出文献用 // 连接主文献（如会议论文集），英文用 In: 或 //

Quick Comparison Table