Dotnet CLI Release Pipeline

dotnet-cli-release-pipeline

Unified release CI/CD pipeline for .NET CLI tools: GitHub Actions workflow producing all distribution formats from a single version tag trigger, build matrix per Runtime Identifier (RID), artifact staging between jobs, GitHub Releases with SHA-256 checksums, automated Homebrew formula and winget manifest PR creation, and SemVer versioning strategy with git tags.

Version assumptions: .NET 8.0+ baseline. GitHub Actions workflow syntax v2. Patterns apply to any CI system but examples use GitHub Actions.

Scope boundary: This skill owns the CLI-specific release pipeline -- the build-package-release workflow for CLI tool artifacts. General CI/CD patterns (branch protection, matrix testing strategies, deployment pipelines, reusable workflows) -- see [skill:dotnet-gha-patterns] and [skill:dotnet-ado-patterns]. This skill focuses on the unique requirements of shipping CLI binaries to multiple package managers from a single trigger.

Out of scope: General CI/CD patterns (branch strategies, matrix testing, deployment pipelines) -- see [skill:dotnet-gha-patterns] and [skill:dotnet-ado-patterns]. Native AOT compilation configuration -- see [skill:dotnet-native-aot]. Distribution strategy decisions -- see [skill:dotnet-cli-distribution]. Package format details -- see [skill:dotnet-cli-packaging]. Container image publishing -- see [skill:dotnet-containers].

Cross-references: [skill:dotnet-cli-distribution] for RID matrix and publish strategy, [skill:dotnet-cli-packaging] for package format authoring, [skill:dotnet-native-aot] for AOT publish configuration, [skill:dotnet-containers] for container-based distribution.

Versioning Strategy

SemVer + Git Tags

Use Semantic Versioning (SemVer) with git tags as the single source of truth for release versions.

Tag format: v{major}.{minor}.{patch} (e.g., v1.2.3)

# Tag a release
git tag -a v1.2.3 -m "Release v1.2.3"
git push origin v1.2.3

Version Flow

git tag v1.2.3
    │
    ▼
GitHub Actions trigger (on push tags: v*)
    │
    ▼
Extract version from tag: GITHUB_REF_NAME → v1.2.3 → 1.2.3
    │
    ▼
Pass to dotnet publish /p:Version=1.2.3
    │
    ▼
Embed in binary (--version output)
    │
    ▼
Stamp in package manifests (Homebrew, winget, Scoop, NuGet)

Extracting Version from Tag

- name: Extract version from tag
  id: version
  run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
  # v1.2.3 → 1.2.3

Pre-release Versions

# Pre-release tag
git tag -a v1.3.0-rc.1 -m "Release candidate 1"

# CI detects pre-release and skips package manager submissions
# but still creates GitHub Release as pre-release

Unified GitHub Actions Workflow

Complete Workflow

name: Release

on:
  push:
    tags:
      - "v[0-9]+.[0-9]+.[0-9]+*"  # v1.2.3, v1.2.3-rc.1

permissions:
  contents: write  # Create GitHub Releases

defaults:
  run:
    shell: bash

env:
  PROJECT: src/MyCli/MyCli.csproj
  DOTNET_VERSION: "8.0.x"

jobs:
  build:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        include:
          - rid: linux-x64
            os: ubuntu-latest
          - rid: linux-arm64
            os: ubuntu-latest
          - rid: osx-arm64
            os: macos-latest
          - rid: win-x64
            os: windows-latest
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
        with:
          dotnet-version: ${{ env.DOTNET_VERSION }}

      - name: Extract version
        id: version
        shell: bash
        run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Publish
        run: >-
          dotnet publish ${{ env.PROJECT }}
          -c Release
          -r ${{ matrix.rid }}
          -o ./publish
          /p:Version=${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}

      - name: Package (Unix)
        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          cd publish
          tar -czf "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/mytool-${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}-${{ matrix.rid }}.tar.gz" .

      - name: Package (Windows)
        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
        shell: pwsh
        run: |
          Compress-Archive -Path "publish/*" `
            -DestinationPath "mytool-${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}-${{ matrix.rid }}.zip"

      - name: Upload artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: release-${{ matrix.rid }}
          path: |
            *.tar.gz
            *.zip

  release:
    needs: build
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Extract version
        id: version
        run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Download all artifacts
        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: artifacts
          merge-multiple: true

      - name: Generate checksums
        working-directory: artifacts
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          shasum -a 256 *.tar.gz *.zip > checksums-sha256.txt
          cat checksums-sha256.txt

      - name: Detect pre-release
        id: prerelease
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          if [[ "${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}" == *-* ]]; then
            echo "is_prerelease=true" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
          else
            echo "is_prerelease=false" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
          fi

      # Pin third-party actions to a commit SHA in production for supply-chain security
      - name: Create GitHub Release
        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
        with:
          name: v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}
          prerelease: ${{ steps.prerelease.outputs.is_prerelease }}
          generate_release_notes: true
          files: |
            artifacts/*.tar.gz
            artifacts/*.zip
            artifacts/checksums-sha256.txt

  publish-nuget:
    needs: release
    if: ${{ !contains(github.ref_name, '-') }}  # Skip pre-releases
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
        with:
          dotnet-version: ${{ env.DOTNET_VERSION }}

      - name: Extract version
        id: version
        run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Pack
        run: >-
          dotnet pack ${{ env.PROJECT }}
          -c Release
          /p:Version=${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}
          -o ./nupkgs

      - name: Push to NuGet
        run: >-
          dotnet nuget push ./nupkgs/*.nupkg
          --source https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json
          --api-key ${{ secrets.NUGET_API_KEY }}

Build Matrix per RID

Matrix Strategy

The build matrix produces one artifact per RID. Each RID runs on the appropriate runner OS.

strategy:
  matrix:
    include:
      - rid: linux-x64
        os: ubuntu-latest
      - rid: linux-arm64
        os: ubuntu-latest        # Cross-compile ARM64 on x64 runner
      - rid: osx-arm64
        os: macos-latest         # Native ARM64 runner
      - rid: win-x64
        os: windows-latest

Cross-Compilation Notes

• linux-arm64 on ubuntu-latest: .NET supports cross-compilation for managed (non-AOT) builds. dotnet publish -r linux-arm64 on an x64 runner produces a valid ARM64 binary without QEMU. For Native AOT, cross-compiling ARM64 on an x64 runner requires the ARM64 cross-compilation toolchain (gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu or equivalent). See [skill:dotnet-native-aot] for cross-compile prerequisites.
• osx-arm64: Use macos-latest (which provides ARM64 runners) for native compilation. Cross-compiling macOS ARM64 from Linux is not supported.
• win-x64 on windows-latest: Native compilation on Windows runner.

Extended Matrix (Optional)

strategy:
  matrix:
    include:
      # Primary targets
      - rid: linux-x64
        os: ubuntu-latest
      - rid: linux-arm64
        os: ubuntu-latest
      - rid: osx-arm64
        os: macos-latest
      - rid: win-x64
        os: windows-latest
      # Extended targets
      - rid: osx-x64
        os: macos-13           # Intel macOS runner
      - rid: linux-musl-x64
        os: ubuntu-latest      # Alpine musl cross-compile

Artifact Staging

Upload Per-RID Artifacts

Each matrix job uploads its artifact with a RID-specific name:

- name: Upload artifact
  uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
  with:
    name: release-${{ matrix.rid }}
    path: |
      *.tar.gz
      *.zip
    retention-days: 1  # Short retention -- artifacts are published to GitHub Releases

Download in Release Job

The release job downloads all artifacts from the build matrix:

- name: Download all artifacts
  uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
  with:
    path: artifacts
    merge-multiple: true  # Merge all release-* artifacts into one directory

After download, artifacts/ contains:

artifacts/
  mytool-1.2.3-linux-x64.tar.gz
  mytool-1.2.3-linux-arm64.tar.gz
  mytool-1.2.3-osx-arm64.tar.gz
  mytool-1.2.3-win-x64.zip

GitHub Releases with Checksums

Checksum Generation

- name: Generate checksums
  working-directory: artifacts
  run: |
    set -euo pipefail
    shasum -a 256 *.tar.gz *.zip > checksums-sha256.txt
    cat checksums-sha256.txt

Output format (checksums-sha256.txt):

abc123...  mytool-1.2.3-linux-x64.tar.gz
def456...  mytool-1.2.3-linux-arm64.tar.gz
ghi789...  mytool-1.2.3-osx-arm64.tar.gz
jkl012...  mytool-1.2.3-win-x64.zip

Creating the Release

- name: Create GitHub Release
  uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
  with:
    name: v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}
    prerelease: ${{ steps.prerelease.outputs.is_prerelease }}
    generate_release_notes: true
    files: |
      artifacts/*.tar.gz
      artifacts/*.zip
      artifacts/checksums-sha256.txt

generate_release_notes: true auto-generates release notes from merged PRs and commit messages since the last tag.

Automated Formula/Manifest PR Creation

Homebrew Formula Update

After the GitHub Release is published, update the Homebrew tap automatically:

  update-homebrew:
    needs: release
    if: ${{ !contains(github.ref_name, '-') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Extract version
        id: version
        run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          repository: myorg/homebrew-tap
          token: ${{ secrets.TAP_GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Download checksums
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          curl -sL "https://github.com/myorg/mytool/releases/download/v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}/checksums-sha256.txt" \
            -o checksums.txt

      - name: Update formula
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          VERSION="${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          LINUX_X64_SHA=$(grep "linux-x64" checksums.txt | awk '{print $1}')
          LINUX_ARM64_SHA=$(grep "linux-arm64" checksums.txt | awk '{print $1}')
          OSX_ARM64_SHA=$(grep "osx-arm64" checksums.txt | awk '{print $1}')

          # Use sed or a templating script to update Formula/mytool.rb
          # with new version and SHA-256 values
          python3 scripts/update-formula.py \
            --version "$VERSION" \
            --linux-x64-sha "$LINUX_X64_SHA" \
            --linux-arm64-sha "$LINUX_ARM64_SHA" \
            --osx-arm64-sha "$OSX_ARM64_SHA"

      - name: Create PR
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v6
        with:
          title: "mytool ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          commit-message: "Update mytool to ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          branch: "update-mytool-${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          body: |
            Automated update for mytool v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}
            Release: https://github.com/myorg/mytool/releases/tag/v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}

winget Manifest Update

  update-winget:
    needs: release
    if: ${{ !contains(github.ref_name, '-') }}
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
      - name: Extract version
        id: version
        shell: bash
        run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - name: Submit to winget-pkgs
        uses: vedantmgoyal9/winget-releaser@main
        with:
          identifier: MyOrg.MyTool
          version: ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}
          installers-regex: '\.zip$'
          token: ${{ secrets.WINGET_GITHUB_TOKEN }}

Scoop Manifest Update

  update-scoop:
    needs: release
    if: ${{ !contains(github.ref_name, '-') }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Extract version
        id: version
        run: echo "version=${GITHUB_REF_NAME#v}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          repository: myorg/scoop-mytool
          token: ${{ secrets.SCOOP_GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Download checksums
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          curl -sL "https://github.com/myorg/mytool/releases/download/v${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}/checksums-sha256.txt" \
            -o checksums.txt

      - name: Update manifest
        run: |
          set -euo pipefail
          VERSION="${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          WIN_X64_SHA=$(grep "win-x64" checksums.txt | awk '{print $1}')

          # Update bucket/mytool.json with new version and hash
          jq --arg v "$VERSION" --arg h "$WIN_X64_SHA" \
            '.version = $v | .architecture."64bit".hash = $h |
             .architecture."64bit".url = "https://github.com/myorg/mytool/releases/download/v\($v)/mytool-\($v)-win-x64.zip"' \
            bucket/mytool.json > tmp.json && mv tmp.json bucket/mytool.json

      - name: Create PR
        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v6
        with:
          title: "mytool ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          commit-message: "Update mytool to ${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"
          branch: "update-mytool-${{ steps.version.outputs.version }}"

Versioning Strategy Details

SemVer for CLI Tools

Version Embedding

The version flows from the git tag through dotnet publish into the binary:

<!-- .csproj -- Version is set at publish time via /p:Version -->
<PropertyGroup>
  <!-- Fallback version for local development -->
  <Version>0.0.0-dev</Version>
</PropertyGroup>

# --version output matches the git tag
$ mytool --version
1.2.3

Tagging Workflow

# 1. Update CHANGELOG.md (if applicable)
# 2. Commit the changelog
git commit -am "docs: update changelog for v1.2.3"

# 3. Tag the release
git tag -a v1.2.3 -m "Release v1.2.3"

# 4. Push tag -- triggers the release workflow
git push origin v1.2.3

Workflow Security

Secret Management

# Required repository secrets:
# NUGET_API_KEY         - NuGet.org API key for package publishing
# TAP_GITHUB_TOKEN      - PAT with repo scope for homebrew-tap
# WINGET_GITHUB_TOKEN   - PAT with public_repo scope for winget-pkgs PRs
# SCOOP_GITHUB_TOKEN    - PAT with repo scope for scoop bucket
# CHOCO_API_KEY         - Chocolatey API key for package push

Permissions

permissions:
  contents: write  # Minimum: create GitHub Releases and upload assets

Use job-level permissions when different jobs need different scopes. Never grant write-all.

Agent Gotchas

1. Do not use set -e without set -o pipefail in GitHub Actions bash steps. Without pipefail, a failing command piped to tee or another utility exits 0, masking the failure. Always use set -euo pipefail.
2. Do not hardcode the .NET version in the publish path. Use dotnet publish -o ./publish to control the output directory explicitly. Hardcoding net8.0 in artifact paths breaks when upgrading to .NET 9+.
3. Do not skip the pre-release detection step. Package manager submissions (Homebrew, winget, Scoop, Chocolatey, NuGet) must be gated on stable versions. Publishing a -rc.1 to winget-pkgs or NuGet as stable causes user confusion.
4. Do not use actions/upload-artifact v3 with merge-multiple. The merge-multiple parameter requires actions/download-artifact@v4. Using v3 silently ignores the flag and creates nested directories.
5. Do not forget retention-days: 1 on intermediate build artifacts. Release artifacts are published to GitHub Releases (permanent). Workflow artifacts are temporary and should expire quickly to save storage.
6. Do not create GitHub Releases with gh release create in a matrix job. Only the release job (after all builds complete) should create the release. Matrix jobs upload artifacts; the release job assembles them.

References

• GitHub Actions workflow syntax
• softprops/action-gh-release
• peter-evans/create-pull-request
• vedantmgoyal9/winget-releaser
• Semantic Versioning
• .NET versioning
• GitHub Actions artifacts