Detecting AWS Credential Exposure With Trufflehog

Detecting AWS Credential Exposure with TruffleHog

When to Use

• When integrating secrets detection into CI/CD pipelines to prevent credential commits reaching production
• When performing a security audit of existing repositories for historically committed AWS credentials
• When responding to an AWS GuardDuty alert about credential usage from an unexpected IP or region
• When onboarding repositories from acquired companies or third-party vendors
• When validating that credential rotation processes have removed all references to old access keys

Do not use for real-time credential monitoring (use AWS GuardDuty or Amazon Macie), for managing secrets (use AWS Secrets Manager or HashiCorp Vault), or for detecting non-credential sensitive data like PII (use Amazon Macie or DLP tools).

Detection Gaps & Validation

• --only-verified suppresses real leaks: verification calls sts:GetCallerIdentity, so a key that is valid-but-disabled, in an account you can't reach, or rate-limited gets dropped as "unverified." Run once without --only-verified and triage the UNVERIFIED count too — a leaked-then-deactivated key still proves a process failure.
• Default scan is shallow: trufflehog git without full depth scans only reachable history of the current ref. Force-pushed/rewritten commits, git stash, dangling blobs, other branches, and forks can retain secrets. Scan all branches and consider --max-depth/repo mirror clones.
• Secrets live outside git: CI/CD logs, container image layers, S3 buckets, Terraform state, and .env artifacts — use the filesystem, s3, and CI integrations, not just git.
• git-secrets only catches AKIA… long-term keys: temporary ASIA… STS tokens and non-AWS/custom formats slip past the default --register-aws patterns; add explicit regexes.
• Validate findings against AWS: for every AKIA/ASIA hit, run aws iam get-access-key-last-used --access-key-id … and aws iam list-access-keys to confirm Active status and whether it was used (CloudTrail by AccessKeyId) before declaring it benign or expired.

Prerequisites

• TruffleHog v3 installed (brew install trufflehog or pip install trufflehog)
• git-secrets installed for pre-commit hook integration (brew install git-secrets)
• Access to source code repositories (GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket, or local git repos)
• AWS CLI configured with permissions to check key status (iam:ListAccessKeys, iam:GetAccessKeyLastUsed)
• GitHub or GitLab API token for scanning organization-wide repositories

Workflow

Step 1: Install and Configure TruffleHog

Install TruffleHog v3 and verify it can detect the AWS credential patterns.

# Install TruffleHog v3
pip install trufflehog

# Or install from binary release
curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trufflesecurity/trufflehog/main/scripts/install.sh | sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin

# Verify installation
trufflehog --version

# Test with a known test repository
trufflehog git https://github.com/trufflesecurity/test_keys --only-verified

Step 2: Scan Git Repositories for Exposed Credentials

Scan entire git history including all branches and commits for AWS access keys, secret keys, and session tokens.

# Scan a local git repository (full history)
trufflehog git file:///path/to/repo --only-verified --json > trufflehog-results.json

# Scan a GitHub organization's repositories
trufflehog github --org=your-organization --token=$GITHUB_TOKEN --only-verified

# Scan a specific GitHub repository with all branches
trufflehog git https://github.com/org/repo.git --only-verified --branch=main

# Scan a GitLab group
trufflehog gitlab --group=your-group --token=$GITLAB_TOKEN --only-verified

# Scan filesystem paths for credentials in config files
trufflehog filesystem /path/to/project --only-verified

Step 3: Analyze and Validate Detected Credentials

Parse TruffleHog results to identify verified (still-active) credentials versus rotated or test keys.

# Parse TruffleHog JSON output for AWS findings
cat trufflehog-results.json | python3 -c "
import json, sys
for line in sys.stdin:
    finding = json.loads(line)
    if 'AWS' in finding.get('DetectorName', ''):
        print(f\"Detector: {finding['DetectorName']}\")
        print(f\"Verified: {finding.get('Verified', False)}\")
        print(f\"Source: {finding.get('SourceMetadata', {})}\")
        print(f\"Commit: {finding.get('SourceMetadata', {}).get('Data', {}).get('Git', {}).get('commit', 'N/A')}\")
        print(f\"File: {finding.get('SourceMetadata', {}).get('Data', {}).get('Git', {}).get('file', 'N/A')}\")
        print('---')
"

# Check if a detected access key is still active
aws iam get-access-key-last-used --access-key-id AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE

# List all access keys for a user to find active keys
aws iam list-access-keys --user-name target-user \
  --query 'AccessKeyMetadata[*].[AccessKeyId,Status,CreateDate]' --output table

Step 4: Set Up Pre-Commit Hooks with git-secrets

Prevent credentials from being committed in the first place using git-secrets as a pre-commit hook.

# Install git-secrets
git secrets --install  # In each repository

# Register AWS credential patterns
git secrets --register-aws

# Add custom patterns for internal credential formats
git secrets --add 'AKIA[0-9A-Z]{16}'
git secrets --add 'aws_secret_access_key\s*=\s*.{40}'
git secrets --add 'aws_session_token\s*=\s*.+'

# Scan entire repository history
git secrets --scan-history

# Add to global git template for all new repos
git secrets --install ~/.git-templates/git-secrets
git config --global init.templateDir ~/.git-templates/git-secrets

Step 5: Integrate TruffleHog into CI/CD Pipeline

Add TruffleHog scanning as a CI/CD gate to block deployments containing exposed credentials.

# GitHub Actions workflow (.github/workflows/secrets-scan.yml)
name: Secrets Scan
on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  trufflehog:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: TruffleHog Scan
        uses: trufflesecurity/trufflehog@main
        with:
          extra_args: --only-verified --results=verified

# GitLab CI (.gitlab-ci.yml)
secrets_scan:
  stage: test
  image: trufflesecurity/trufflehog:latest
  script:
    - trufflehog git file://$CI_PROJECT_DIR --since-commit $CI_COMMIT_BEFORE_SHA --only-verified --fail
  allow_failure: false

Step 6: Respond to Detected Credential Exposure

Execute incident response procedures when verified credentials are found exposed.

# IMMEDIATE: Deactivate the exposed access key
aws iam update-access-key \
  --user-name compromised-user \
  --access-key-id AKIAEXPOSEDKEY123456 \
  --status Inactive

# Generate new credentials
aws iam create-access-key --user-name compromised-user

# Review CloudTrail for unauthorized usage of the exposed key
aws cloudtrail lookup-events \
  --lookup-attributes AttributeKey=AccessKeyId,AttributeValue=AKIAEXPOSEDKEY123456 \
  --start-time 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z \
  --query 'Events[*].[EventTime,EventName,EventSource,SourceIPAddress]' \
  --output table

# Delete the exposed key after rotation is confirmed
aws iam delete-access-key \
  --user-name compromised-user \
  --access-key-id AKIAEXPOSEDKEY123456

# Remove the credential from git history using BFG Repo Cleaner
java -jar bfg.jar --replace-text credentials.txt repo.git

Key Concepts

Tools & Systems

• TruffleHog v3: Primary scanning engine supporting git, filesystem, S3, and CI/CD integration with verified credential detection
• git-secrets: AWS Labs pre-commit hook for preventing credential commits at the developer workstation level
• BFG Repo Cleaner: Fast tool for removing credentials from git history after exposure is detected
• AWS GuardDuty: Threat detection service that alerts on anomalous usage of AWS credentials from unexpected locations
• GitHub Advanced Security: Platform-native secret scanning for GitHub repositories with push protection

Common Scenarios

Scenario: Developer Commits AWS Credentials to a Public GitHub Repository

Context: GitHub secret scanning notifies that an AWS access key was pushed to a public repository. The key belongs to a developer with production S3 and DynamoDB access.

Approach:

1. Immediately deactivate the access key using aws iam update-access-key --status Inactive
2. Run aws cloudtrail lookup-events filtering by the exposed AccessKeyId to check for unauthorized usage
3. Scan the full repository history with trufflehog git to find any other exposed credentials
4. Generate a new access key for the developer and deliver it through Secrets Manager
5. Remove the credential from git history using BFG Repo Cleaner
6. Install git-secrets pre-commit hook on the developer's workstation
7. Add TruffleHog to the repository's CI/CD pipeline to prevent recurrence

Pitfalls: Simply deleting the commit or force-pushing does not remove credentials from GitHub's cache or forks. The key must be deactivated at the AWS level immediately. GitHub secret scanning may have already notified AWS, triggering automated key deactivation.

Output Format

AWS Credential Exposure Scan Report
======================================
Scan Target: github.com/acme-corp (42 repositories)
Scan Date: 2026-02-23
Tool: TruffleHog v3.63.0
Mode: Full git history scan with verification

VERIFIED FINDINGS (Active Credentials):
[CRED-001] AWS Access Key - VERIFIED ACTIVE
  Key ID: AKIA...WXYZ
  Repository: acme-corp/backend-api
  File: deploy/config.env
  Commit: a1b2c3d (2025-08-15)
  Author: developer@acme.com
  IAM User: svc-backend-deploy
  Permissions: S3, DynamoDB, SQS (production)
  Status: CRITICAL - Key active and used from 3 IP addresses
  Action Required: Immediate deactivation and rotation

[CRED-002] AWS Secret Key - VERIFIED ACTIVE
  Repository: acme-corp/data-pipeline
  File: scripts/etl_config.py
  Commit: d4e5f6g (2025-11-22)
  Author: data-engineer@acme.com
  Status: HIGH - Key active, last used 2 days ago

UNVERIFIED FINDINGS (Potential Credentials):
  Total pattern matches: 15
  Likely test/example keys: 12
  Requires manual review: 3

SUMMARY:
  Repositories scanned: 42
  Commits analyzed: 125,847
  Verified active credentials: 2
  Unverified credential patterns: 15
  Repositories with pre-commit hooks: 8 / 42