Effective Java

Effective Java Best Practices

IMPORTANT: All output must be in Traditional Chinese.

Creating Objects

Item 1: Static Factory Methods over Constructors

Prefer static factories over constructors: descriptive names (createEmpty, of, from), can return cached instances, can return subtypes.

// Descriptive naming conveys intent
public static Order createPending(CustomerId customerId, List<OrderItem> items) {
    return new Order(OrderId.generate(), customerId, items, OrderStatus.PENDING);
}
public static Order reconstitute(OrderId id, CustomerId customerId,
        List<OrderItem> items, OrderStatus status) {
    return new Order(id, customerId, items, status);
}

Item 2: Builder Pattern for Many Parameters

Use Builder when a class has 4+ parameters, especially optional ones. The Builder copies fields in the constructor to ensure immutability (Map.copyOf).

Item 17: Minimize Mutability

// Compact constructor validates in record
public record Money(BigDecimal amount, Currency currency) {
    public Money {
        Objects.requireNonNull(amount);
        Objects.requireNonNull(currency);
        if (amount.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Amount cannot be negative");
        }
    }

    public Money add(Money other) {
        validateSameCurrency(other);
        return new Money(this.amount.add(other.amount), this.currency);
    }
}

Item 18: Favor Composition over Inheritance

The critical non-obvious trap: addAll calls add internally in HashSet.

// BAD - Inheritance breaks encapsulation
public class InstrumentedHashSet<E> extends HashSet<E> {
    private int addCount = 0;

    @Override
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        addCount += c.size();
        return super.addAll(c);  // BUG: addAll calls add(), double counting!
    }
}

// GOOD - Composition (Wrapper/Decorator)
public class InstrumentedSet<E> implements Set<E> {
    private final Set<E> delegate;
    private int addCount = 0;

    @Override
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        addCount += c.size();
        return delegate.addAll(c);  // Correct: no double counting
    }
}

Generics

Item 31: Use Bounded Wildcards (PECS)

Producer Extends, Consumer Super — non-obvious rule that enables maximum flexibility.

// Producer - reads from collection, use extends
public void processOrders(List<? extends Order> orders) {
    for (Order order : orders) { process(order); }
}

// Consumer - writes to collection, use super
public void addOrders(List<? super Order> destination) {
    destination.add(new Order());
}

// Copy: src is producer (extends), dest is consumer (super)
public static <T> void copy(List<? extends T> src, List<? super T> dest) {
    for (T item : src) { dest.add(item); }
}

Lambdas and Streams

Item 45: Use Streams Judiciously

Use loop when it's clearer than a stream chain. Multi-level nested collectors hurt readability — prefer a loop with Map.merge.

Item 46: Prefer Side-Effect-Free Functions

// BAD - Side effects in stream (mutation + I/O inside forEach)
orders.stream()
    .filter(Order::isPending)
    .forEach(o -> {
        o.confirm();               // Mutating!
        orderRepository.save(o);   // Side effect!
    });

// GOOD - Collect, then process
List<Order> pendingOrders = orders.stream()
    .filter(Order::isPending)
    .toList();

for (Order order : pendingOrders) {
    order.confirm();
    orderRepository.save(order);
}

Exceptions

Item 73: Throw Appropriate to Abstraction

// BAD - Low-level exception leaks implementation detail
public Order findOrder(OrderId id) {
    try {
        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(...);
    } catch (EmptyResultDataAccessException e) {
        throw e;  // Caller shouldn't know about JDBC!
    }
}

// GOOD - Translate to domain exception
public Order findOrder(OrderId id) {
    try {
        return jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(...);
    } catch (EmptyResultDataAccessException e) {
        throw new OrderNotFoundException(id, e);
    }
}

Code Review Checklist

When to Apply

• Java 程式碼涉及物件建立模式（factory, builder）
• equals/hashCode、Optional、Stream API 使用審查
• 例外處理或泛型設計討論

Gotchas

• Record 不等於 Entity：不要把 JPA @Entity 換成 record。Record 沒有無參數構造器 + 可變欄位，Hibernate proxy 無法運作
• Stream.toList() 回傳 unmodifiable 但非真正 immutable：原始 stream source 被修改時，list 內容會跟著變。需要真正隔離請用 List.copyOf()
• Lombok @Builder 跳過 record compact constructor 驗證：用 Lombok @Builder 搭配 record 時，要在自定義 build() 內做驗證，否則 compact constructor 的 validation 被繞過
• sealed interface + pattern matching switch 忘加 default 分支：未來新增子類型時編譯失敗，這是刻意設計的安全網，不是 bug
• Collections.unmodifiableList() 包裝仍能被原始 list 修改：List.copyOf() 才真正安全，unmodifiableList 只是視圖

Additional Resources

• references/object-creation.md — Items 1-9 完整程式碼範例。查看特定 creation pattern 時讀取
• references/classes-and-interfaces.md — Items 15-25 封裝、繼承、介面設計細節
• references/lambdas-streams.md — Stream API 完整範例與陷阱
• references/concurrency.md — Thread safety patterns、Virtual Thread 用法