Kubectl Virt

oc virt - KubeVirt VM Management

oc virt (or kubectl virt) is a plugin for managing KubeVirt virtual machines.

Installation

Installation, PATH setup, and shell completion: ref-install.md

Getting Help

Always use the built-in help for discovering subcommands and flags:

oc virt --help
oc virt <command> --help
oc virt <command> <subcommand> --help

Instance Types and Preferences

Prefer using instance types over raw --memory/CPU settings. Instance types define pre-configured VM sizing (CPU, memory, and compute behavior), while preferences define OS-specific settings (boot order, device models, firmware).

Discovering available instance types

oc get virtualmachineclusterinstancetype
oc get virtualmachineclusterpreference

Series include U (universal/general purpose), O (overcommitted/high density), CX (compute exclusive), M (memory intensive), N (network/DPDK), RT (realtime), and D (dedicated CPU). Sizes range from nano (1 vCPU) to 8xlarge (32 vCPUs). Naming pattern: <series><version>.<size> (e.g., u1.medium).

Preferences configure OS-specific settings (e.g., fedora, rhel.9, windows.11.virtio).

Full series table, sizing table, and preferences list: ref-types.md

How to choose

• Start with U series (universal) for general workloads.
• Use O series if you need to pack more VMs on limited hardware (overcommits memory).
• Use CX series for CPU-bound workloads needing guaranteed performance.
• Use M series for databases or caches that need lots of memory.
• Use D series for enterprise apps needing dedicated CPU without hugepages.
• When a DataSource has instancetype/preference annotations, use --infer-instancetype and --infer-preference to pick them automatically.

VM Disk Sources

VMs need boot disks. The --volume-import flag supports source types: registry, ds (DataSource/golden image), pvc, http, blank, s3, gcs, and snapshot.

On OpenShift, golden images are available as DataSources in openshift-virtualization-os-images:

oc get datasource -n openshift-virtualization-os-images

Full disk source table, containerdisk images, and DataSource details: ref-types.md

Creating VMs

The primary way to create VMs is with oc virt create vm. The command generates a VirtualMachine manifest that you pipe to oc apply.

Prefer using --instancetype and --preference instead of --memory. Only fall back to --memory when instance types are not available on the cluster.

From a registry containerdisk (with instance type)

oc virt create vm \
  --name=my-fedora \
  --instancetype=u1.medium \
  --preference=fedora \
  --volume-import=type:registry,url:docker://quay.io/containerdisks/fedora:latest,size:30Gi \
  --user=fedora \
  --ssh-key="$(cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub)" \
  | oc apply -f -

From a cluster DataSource (inferred sizing)

oc virt create vm \
  --name=my-vm \
  --volume-import=type:ds,src:openshift-virtualization-os-images/fedora,size:30Gi \
  --infer-instancetype --infer-preference \
  --user=fedora \
  --ssh-key="$(cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub)" \
  | oc apply -f -

From an HTTP URL

oc virt create vm \
  --name=my-vm \
  --instancetype=u1.medium \
  --preference=fedora \
  --volume-import=type:http,url:https://example.com/my-image.qcow2,size:30Gi \
  --user=cloud-user \
  --ssh-key="$(cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub)" \
  | oc apply -f -

Fallback: raw memory (no instance types on cluster)

Note: create vm only supports --memory, there is no --cpu flag. This is another reason to prefer instance types which set both CPU and memory.

oc virt create vm \
  --name=my-vm \
  --memory=2Gi \
  --run-strategy=Always \
  --volume-import=type:registry,url:docker://quay.io/containerdisks/fedora:latest,size:30Gi \
  --user=fedora \
  --ssh-key="$(cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub)" \
  | oc apply -f -

Key flags for create vm

• --name - VM name
• --instancetype - Instance type (e.g., u1.medium). Preferred over --memory.
• --preference - OS preference (e.g., fedora, rhel.9, windows.11.virtio)
• --infer-instancetype - Infer instancetype from the first boot disk annotations (default: true)
• --infer-preference - Infer preference from the first boot disk annotations (default: true)
• --memory - Guest memory fallback when no instance types available (e.g., 2Gi, 4Gi)
• --run-strategy - RunStrategy: Always, Manual, Halted, RerunOnFailure
• --volume-import - Import a volume (see Disk Sources table above). Can be repeated.
• --volume-containerdisk - Ephemeral containerdisk (not persisted). Format: src:<image>
• --volume-pvc - Use existing PVC directly (no clone). Format: src:<pvc-name>
• --user - Cloud-init user
• --ssh-key - SSH public key for cloud-init

Important notes

• oc virt create vm outputs YAML to stdout - you must pipe it to oc apply -f -
• --instancetype is mutually exclusive with --memory -- use one or the other
• --infer-instancetype and --infer-preference default to true, so they work automatically when the boot disk DataSource has the right annotations
• The command does NOT set accessModes or storageClassName on the DataVolume. CDI infers these from the StorageProfile of the default StorageClass.
• If no default StorageClass is set, DataVolumes will get stuck with: ErrClaimNotValid: PVC spec is missing accessMode and no storageClass to choose profile
• Fix: ensure a default StorageClass exists: oc annotate storageclass <name> storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class=true

Creating multiple VMs (loop pattern)

SSH_KEY="$(cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub)"
for i in 1 2 3 4; do
  oc virt create vm \
    --name="test-vm-${i}" \
    --instancetype=u1.medium \
    --preference=fedora \
    --volume-import=type:registry,url:docker://quay.io/containerdisks/fedora:latest,size:30Gi \
    --user=fedora \
    --ssh-key="$SSH_KEY" \
    | oc apply -f -
done

SSH Access

There are multiple ways to access a VM over SSH, depending on the use case.

Method 1: virtctl ssh (quick access via API server)

The simplest method. Tunnels SSH through the Kubernetes API server -- no service needed. Best for troubleshooting and occasional access. Not recommended for high-traffic or production use as it adds load to the API server.

# SSH into a VM (uses your default SSH key)
oc virt ssh fedora@my-vm

# Specify identity file
oc virt ssh fedora@my-vm --identity-file=~/.ssh/id_rsa

# Run a command
oc virt ssh fedora@my-vm --command="uname -a"

# SCP files to/from a VM
oc virt scp myfile.bin fedora@vmi/my-vm:myfile.bin
oc virt scp fedora@vmi/my-vm:remote-file.bin ./local-file.bin
oc virt scp --recursive ~/mydir/ fedora@vmi/my-vm:./mydir

Other methods include port-forward (SSH config integration), NodePort Service (external access), ClusterIP Service (cluster-internal access), and secondary networks.

Methods 2-5 with full examples: ref-types.md

Common VM Operations

For any command you are unsure about, run oc virt <command> --help first.

# List VMs
oc get vm
oc get vm -n <namespace>

# Start/stop/restart
oc virt start <vm-name>
oc virt stop <vm-name>
oc virt restart <vm-name>

# Pause/unpause
oc virt pause vm <vm-name>
oc virt unpause vm <vm-name>

# Console access
oc virt console <vm-name>
oc virt vnc <vm-name>

# Migration (live migrate)
oc virt migrate <vm-name>

# Get VM details
oc describe vm <vm-name>
oc get vmi <vm-name>

Self-Learning Rule

When you encounter an unfamiliar oc virt subcommand or need to verify flags, always run:

oc virt <command> --help

This ensures you use the correct and current syntax.