Analyze Perfetto Trace

When to use

• User shares a metro perfetto trace file (.perfetto-trace) or a perfetto UI screenshot.
• User asks "where is time going in the metro compiler" / "why is phase X slow".
• You need to verify a suspected hot spot instead of guessing from the code. The profile is almost always more informative than code reading.
• Before recommending optimizations so you're fixing the thing that actually matters.

Where metro writes traces

Metro writes perfetto traces into the configured traceDestination directory. As of the FIR + IR tracing rework, one compilation produces multiple files — one per FIR session and one per IR module fragment — all sharing a common id prefix:

<traceDestination>/<id>-<phase>-<moduleName>.perfetto-trace

• <id> is a yyMMdd-HHmmss timestamp generated once per compilation. Every file from the same compilation invocation shares it, so you can group them by prefix.
• <phase> is fir or ir.
• <moduleName> is the FIR session name (commonMain, jvmMain, etc.) or the IR IrModuleFragment.name (often main). Filesystem-unsafe characters in module names are replaced with _.

Examples: 260505-133503-fir-commonMain.perfetto-trace, 260505-133503-ir-main.perfetto-trace.

When asked "look at the trace", first decide which phase the user is asking about. FIR-side time (checkers, generators, supertype computation) lives in the fir-* files; IR-side time (graph processing, transformers) lives in the ir-* files. They are separate timelines — not a unified trace — so you cannot directly compare durations across files. If multiple older invocations exist in the directory, pick the freshest <id> group unless the user points at a specific file.

Producing a fresh trace from a local Metro change

Use ./metrow trace (or the underlying scripts/trace-project.sh directly). It publishes Metro to mavenLocal, bumps the target project's metro version in gradle/libs.versions.toml, runs the given compile task with -Pmetro.traceDestination=metro/trace --rerun, locates the freshest .perfetto-trace (variant subdir varies by task), and copies it into tmp/traces/<timestamp>-<version>_<task>.perfetto-trace. The path is also written to tmp/traces/LATEST so you can chain with TRACE=$(cat tmp/traces/LATEST) in analysis.

./metrow trace <project-dir> <gradle-task> [version]
./metrow trace ~/dev/android/personal/CatchUp :app-scaffold:compileDebugKotlin

Pass --open-in-browser (or --open) to additionally launch the trace in ui.perfetto.dev — the script fetches Google's open_trace_in_ui helper once (cached at tmp/open_trace_in_ui) and fires it in the background so the UI can keep streaming the file:

./metrow trace --open-in-browser ~/dev/android/personal/CatchUp :app-scaffold:compileDebugKotlin

Equivalent direct call:

scripts/trace-project.sh [--open-in-browser] <project-dir> <gradle-task> [version]

Use this when the user asks for a "fresh trace" / "re-profile" / has just made a Metro change they want profiled against a real-world project.

Producing a fresh trace from the in-repo benchmark project

For raw-perf iteration on a large generated project (no external repo needed), use benchmark/trace_compile.sh. It runs gradle-profiler against a fresh :app:component:compileKotlin --rerun of the benchmark project, with Metro's perfetto tracing enabled, and picks the iteration whose duration is closest to the measured-mean — so a single representative trace lands in tmp/traces/ (and tmp/traces/LATEST is updated).

benchmark/trace_compile.sh                  # run + pick + copy
benchmark/trace_compile.sh --open-in-browser  # also open in ui.perfetto.dev
TRACE=$(cat tmp/traces/LATEST)              # chain into analysis

Prereqs: the benchmark project must be generated for metro mode (cd benchmark && kotlin generate-projects.main.kts --mode metro). gradle-profiler is auto-installed on first run. Use this for "raw compile perf on a 500-module project" iteration loops where you don't need a real-world app like CatchUp.

Tooling

Use the perfetto python library. It's available via pip but installed against a specific python — on this machine it's Python 3.13, not the default 3.14:

/opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.13/bin/python3.13 -c "from perfetto.trace_processor import TraceProcessor; print('ok')"

If python3 -c "import perfetto.trace_processor" fails with ModuleNotFoundError, switch to the 3.13 binary above. pip install perfetto installs against whatever python3 on PATH points to, which may not be the one actually invoked.

Do not try brew install perfetto — there is no homebrew cask/formula for it.

Running a query — the runner pattern

Always wrap the Python in a single -c invocation so it stays self-contained. The boilerplate:

/opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.13/bin/python3.13 -c "
from perfetto.trace_processor import TraceProcessor
tp = TraceProcessor(trace='<ABSOLUTE_PATH>')
r = list(tp.query('''
  <SQL>
'''))
for row in r:
    print(f'{row.dur/1e6:6.2f}ms  {row.name}')
tp.close()
"

Notes:

• trace= must be an absolute path.
• dur is in nanoseconds — divide by 1e6 for ms.
• tp.query() returns a rows iterator; wrap in list() if you'll iterate more than once.
• Always tp.close() at the end.

The slice table

That's the one you'll use 95% of the time. Relevant columns:

Canonical queries

Top-level slice durations

SELECT name, dur FROM slice ORDER BY dur DESC LIMIT 30

Gives an ordered view of the biggest spans. Start here.

Sum by name (when the same span fires many times)

SELECT name, SUM(dur) AS total_dur, COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM slice GROUP BY name ORDER BY total_dur DESC LIMIT 30

Useful for per-class spans like "Visit X" that fire hundreds of times.

Children of a named parent

WITH parent AS (SELECT id FROM slice WHERE name = 'Build binding graph' LIMIT 1)
SELECT name, dur FROM slice
WHERE parent_id = (SELECT id FROM parent)
ORDER BY dur DESC

This is the most important query for finding gaps. Compare the summed children to the parent duration:

total_child = sum(row.dur for row in r)
print(f'children sum: {total_child/1e6:.2f}ms  parent: <parent dur>ms  gap: <diff>ms')

A large gap means there's untraced work inside the parent. That's where to add instrumentation or investigate.

Only children above a threshold

SELECT name, dur FROM slice
WHERE parent_id = (SELECT id FROM slice WHERE name = 'Core transformers' LIMIT 1)
  AND dur > 1e6  -- >1ms
ORDER BY dur DESC

Find the biggest single slice across the whole trace

SELECT name, dur FROM slice ORDER BY dur DESC LIMIT 1

Time spent inside a category (recursive descendants)

If you want "all time spent under parent X including grandchildren":

WITH RECURSIVE descendants(id) AS (
  SELECT id FROM slice WHERE name = 'Core transformers'
  UNION
  SELECT s.id FROM slice s JOIN descendants d ON s.parent_id = d.id
)
SELECT SUM(dur) FROM slice WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM descendants)

Note: summing descendants double-counts time (parent dur already includes children). Use this for "total CPU in this subtree" questions, not for gap math.

The "find the gap" recipe

This is the workflow you'll use most often when someone says "X looks slow but it's a black box":

1. Get the parent's dur — SELECT dur FROM slice WHERE name = '<phase>' LIMIT 1.
2. Sum direct children — the "Children of a named parent" query above, sum the durs.
3. gap = parent - sum(children).
4. If gap is significant (>10% or >1ms), that time is spent in untraced code inside the phase.
5. Open the source, find calls that happen between/before/after the existing trace("...") blocks in that phase, and add trace("...") around them.
6. Re-profile to confirm — the gap should now be filled by the new spans.

Worked example: on a 161ms catchup build, "Build binding graph" was 11.3ms but direct children summed to 4.2ms. The 7ms gap was construction of BindingLookup/IrBindingGraph/IrBindingStack at the top of generate(), which had no trace. Wrapping that in trace("Construct lookup & graph") surfaced it.

Interpreting the numbers

• Total compile time = the top-level span (usually "Metro compiler").
• If one phase is >30% of total, that's your first target.
• "Gap percentage" inside a phase (untraced / total) tells you whether to instrument (big gap) or dig into a specific child (small gap).
• cnt in the sum-by-name query tells you whether to optimize per-call work (high cnt, small per-call) or one-shot cost (cnt=1, big dur).

Don't

• Don't recommend optimizations without looking at the trace first when a trace is available. The profile almost always surprises you. E.g. you might guess "Process declarations" is slow; the trace might say it's 1.2ms while "Collect supertypes" is 7.5ms.
• Don't confuse sum(descendants) with parent dur — parent already includes all descendants. Use direct children for gap math.
• Don't assume the whole timeline is work — long top-level spans often contain significant I/O or lazy-init time. Instrument to confirm.

Helpful follow-up queries after finding a hot spot

What's the biggest single call of name = X?

SELECT dur FROM slice WHERE name = '<name>' ORDER BY dur DESC LIMIT 5

What's nested inside a specific long instance of a span?

Get the id first (SELECT id FROM slice WHERE name = '<name>' ORDER BY dur DESC LIMIT 1), then:

SELECT name, dur FROM slice WHERE parent_id = <id> ORDER BY dur DESC

Group by thread / process (rare, usually metro is single-threaded)

SELECT thread.name, SUM(slice.dur) AS total
FROM slice JOIN thread_track ON slice.track_id = thread_track.id
          JOIN thread ON thread_track.utid = thread.utid
GROUP BY thread.name ORDER BY total DESC