Elasticsearch Esql

Elasticsearch ES|QL

Execute ES|QL queries against Elasticsearch.

What is ES|QL?

ES|QL (Elasticsearch Query Language) is a piped query language for Elasticsearch. It is NOT the same as:

• Elasticsearch Query DSL (JSON-based)
• SQL
• EQL (Event Query Language)

ES|QL uses pipes (|) to chain commands: FROM index | WHERE condition | STATS aggregation BY field | SORT field | LIMIT n

Prerequisite: ES|QL requires _source to be enabled on queried indices. Indices with _source disabled (e.g., "_source": { "enabled": false }) will cause ES|QL queries to fail.

Version Compatibility: ES|QL was introduced in 8.11 (tech preview) and became GA in 8.14. Features like LOOKUP JOIN (8.18+), MATCH (8.17+), and INLINE STATS (9.2+) were added in later versions. On pre-8.18 clusters, use ENRICH as a fallback for LOOKUP JOIN (see generation tips). INLINE STATS and counter-field RATE() have no fallback before 9.2. Check references/esql-version-history.md for feature availability by version.

Cluster Detection: Use the GET / response to determine the cluster type and version:

• build_flavor: "serverless" — Elastic Cloud Serverless. version.number tracks the stack line under active development (next minor from main), so clients that only semver-compare may treat Serverless as “latest.” Do not use version.number to gate features: if build_flavor is "serverless", assume all GA and preview ES|QL features are available.
• build_flavor: "default" — Self-managed or Elastic Cloud Hosted. Use version.number for feature availability.
• Snapshot builds have version.number like 9.4.0-SNAPSHOT. Strip the -SNAPSHOT suffix and use the major.minor for version checks. Snapshot builds include all features from that version plus potentially unreleased features from development — if a query fails with an unknown function/command, it may simply not have landed yet. Elastic employees commonly use snapshot builds for testing.

Environment Configuration

See Environment Setup for full connection configuration options (Elastic Cloud, direct URL, basic auth, local development).

Run node scripts/esql.js test to verify the connection. If the test fails, refer the user to the environment setup guide, then stop. Do not try to explore further until a successful connection test.

Usage

Get Index Information (for schema discovery)

node scripts/esql.js indices                    # List all indices
node scripts/esql.js indices "logs-*"           # List matching indices
node scripts/esql.js schema "logs-2024.01.01"   # Get field mappings for an index

Execute Raw ES|QL

node scripts/esql.js raw "FROM logs-* | STATS count = COUNT(*) BY host.name | SORT count DESC | LIMIT 5"

Execute with TSV Output

node scripts/esql.js raw "FROM logs-* | STATS count = COUNT(*) BY component | SORT count DESC" --tsv

TSV Output Options:

• --tsv or -t: Output as tab-separated values (clean, no decorations)
• --no-header: Omit the header row

Test Connection

node scripts/esql.js test

Guidelines

1. Detect deployment type: Always run node scripts/esql.js test first. This detects whether the deployment is a Serverless project (all features available) or a versioned cluster (features depend on version). The build_flavor field from GET / is the authoritative signal — if it equals "serverless", ignore the reported version number and use all ES|QL features freely.

2. Discover schema (required — never guess index or field names):

   node scripts/esql.js indices "pattern*"
   node scripts/esql.js schema "index-name"
   

   Always run schema discovery before generating queries. Index names and field names vary across deployments and cannot be reliably guessed. Even common-sounding data (e.g., "logs") may live in indices named logs-test, logs-app-*, or application_logs. Field names may use ECS dotted notation (source.ip, service.name) or flat custom names — the only way to know is to check.

   Prefer simplicity: Query a single index unless the user explicitly asks for data across multiple sources. Do not combine indices with different schemas using COALESCE unless specifically requested — pick the single most relevant index for the question. When multiple indices contain similar data, prefer the one with the most complete schema for the task at hand.

   The schema command reports the index mode. If it shows Index mode: time_series, the output includes the data stream name and copy-pasteable TS syntax — use TS <data-stream> (not FROM), TBUCKET(interval) (not DATE_TRUNC), and wrap counter fields with SUM(RATE(...)). Read the full TS section in Generation Tips before writing any time series query. You can also check the index mode directly via the Elasticsearch index settings API:

   curl -s "$ELASTICSEARCH_URL/<index-name>/_settings/index.mode" -H "Authorization: ApiKey $ELASTICSEARCH_API_KEY"
   

   For TSDS indices on 9.4+, prefer the in-language discovery commands METRICS_INFO and TS_INFO (both GA) over inspecting mappings — they enumerate the metric catalogue and the dimension labels of each time series directly. Both must follow TS and must precede STATS/SORT/LIMIT. See Time Series Queries.

   node scripts/esql.js raw "TS metrics-tsds | METRICS_INFO | SORT metric_name" --tsv
   node scripts/esql.js raw "TS metrics-tsds | TS_INFO | KEEP metric_name, dimensions | SORT metric_name" --tsv
   

3. Choose the right ES|QL feature for the task: Before writing queries, match the user's intent to the most appropriate ES|QL feature. Prefer a single advanced query over multiple basic ones.

   • "find patterns," "categorize," "group similar messages" → CATEGORIZE(field)
   • "spike," "dip," "anomaly," "when did X change" → CHANGE_POINT value ON key
   • "trend over time," "time series" → STATS ... BY BUCKET(@timestamp, interval) or TS for TSDB
   • "PromQL", "Prometheus query/dashboard/alert", sum by (instance) (...), label matchers like {cluster="prod"} → PROMQL source command (9.4+ preview); see PROMQL Command. Prefer TS for native ES|QL phrasing.
   • "search," "find documents matching" → MATCH (default), QSTR (advanced boolean), KQL (Kibana migration). For content/document relevance search, follow the ES|QL Search Strategy
   • "count," "average," "breakdown" → STATS with aggregation functions

4. Read the references before generating queries:

   • Generation Tips - key patterns (TS/TBUCKET/RATE, per-agg WHERE, LOOKUP JOIN, CIDR_MATCH), common templates, and ambiguity handling
   • Time Series Queries - read before any TS query: inner/outer aggregation model, TBUCKET syntax, RATE constraints
   • PROMQL Command — read before any PROMQL query: options, output schema, limitations, and PROMQL vs TS decision matrix (9.4+ preview)
   • ES|QL Complete Reference - full syntax for all commands and functions
   • ES|QL Search Strategy — for content/document relevance search (retrieve → fuse → rerank)
   • ES|QL Search Reference — for full-text search function syntax (MATCH, QSTR, KQL, scoring)

5. Generate the query following ES|QL syntax. Prefer the simplest query that answers the question — do not add extra indices, fields, or transformations unless the user asks for them. Only include fields in KEEP that directly answer the question. Do not add extra filter conditions beyond what the user specified (e.g., don't add OR level == "ERROR" when the user just said "errors").

   • Start with FROM index-pattern (or TS index-pattern for time series indices)
   • Add WHERE for filtering (use TRANGE for time ranges on 9.3+)
   • Use EVAL for computed fields
   • Use STATS ... BY for aggregations
   • For time series metrics: TS with SUM(RATE(...)) for counters, AVG(...) for gauges, and TBUCKET(interval) for time bucketing — see the TS section in Generation Tips for the three critical syntax rules
   • For detecting spikes, dips, or anomalies, use CHANGE_POINT after time-bucketed aggregation
   • Add SORT and LIMIT as needed

6. Execute with TSV flag:

   node scripts/esql.js raw "FROM index | STATS count = COUNT(*) BY field" --tsv
   

ES|QL Quick Reference

Version availability: This section omits version annotations for readability. Check ES|QL Version History for feature availability by Elasticsearch version.

Basic Structure

FROM index-pattern
| WHERE condition
| EVAL new_field = expression
| STATS aggregation BY grouping
| SORT field DESC
| LIMIT n

Common Patterns

Filter and limit:

FROM logs-*
| WHERE @timestamp > NOW() - 24 hours AND level == "error"
| SORT @timestamp DESC
| LIMIT 100

Aggregate by time:

FROM metrics-*
| WHERE @timestamp > NOW() - 7 days
| STATS avg_cpu = AVG(cpu.percent) BY bucket = DATE_TRUNC(1 hour, @timestamp)
| SORT bucket DESC

Top N with count:

FROM web-logs
| STATS count = COUNT(*) BY response.status_code
| SORT count DESC
| LIMIT 10

Text search (8.17+): Use MATCH as the default for full-text search instead of LIKE/RLIKE — it is significantly faster and supports relevance scoring. MATCH on a text field is usually sufficient on its own — do not add redundant keyword equality filters (e.g., category == "X") alongside MATCH unless the user explicitly requests filtering. Use QSTR only when you need advanced boolean logic, wildcards, or multi-field searches in a single expression. The first argument to MATCH must be one real field name — not a string listing several fields (e.g. "title,content") and not multiple field arguments; combine fields with MATCH(a, "q") OR MATCH(b, "q"). KQL is available from 8.18/9.0+. For content/document search use cases, follow the ES|QL Search Strategy. See ES|QL Search Reference for the full function guide.

FROM documents METADATA _score
| WHERE MATCH(content, "search terms")
| SORT _score DESC
| LIMIT 20

String extraction: Use DISSECT for structured delimiter-based patterns (preferred — produces named fields) and GROK for regex-based extraction. For simple cases, SUBSTRING(s, start, len) for fixed-position extraction, SPLIT(s, delim) to split into a multivalue, LOCATE(substr, s) to find a character position. SPLIT returns a multivalue — use MV_FIRST, MV_LAST, or MV_SLICE to pick elements. INSTR and STRPOS do not exist — use LOCATE. REGEXP_EXTRACT does not exist — use GROK.

// Extract domain from email using DISSECT (preferred — produces named fields)
FROM customers
| DISSECT email "%{local}@%{domain}"
| STATS count = COUNT(*) BY domain

// Alternative: extract domain from email using SPLIT
FROM customers
| EVAL domain = MV_LAST(SPLIT(email, "@"))
| STATS count = COUNT(*) BY domain

// Parse HTTP log lines
FROM logs-*
| DISSECT message "%{method} %{path} %{status_text}"
| KEEP @timestamp, method, path, status_text

Log categorization (Platinum license): Use CATEGORIZE to auto-cluster log messages into pattern groups. Prefer this over running multiple STATS ... BY field queries when exploring or finding patterns in unstructured text.

FROM logs-*
| WHERE @timestamp > NOW() - 24 hours
| STATS count = COUNT(*) BY category = CATEGORIZE(message)
| SORT count DESC
| LIMIT 20

Change point detection (Platinum license): Use CHANGE_POINT to detect spikes, dips, and trend shifts in a metric series. Prefer this over manual inspection of time-bucketed counts.

FROM logs-*
| STATS c = COUNT(*) BY t = BUCKET(@timestamp, 30 seconds)
| SORT t
| CHANGE_POINT c ON t
| WHERE type IS NOT NULL

Time series metrics: With TS, use TRANGE for time filtering (9.3+) or omit it entirely — do not add a redundant WHERE @timestamp > NOW() - ... alongside TBUCKET. The TBUCKET duration defines the aggregation window.

// Counter metric: SUM(RATE(...)) with TBUCKET(duration)
TS metrics-tsds
| WHERE TRANGE(1 hour)
| STATS SUM(RATE(requests)) BY TBUCKET(1 hour), host

// Gauge metric: AVG(...) — no RATE needed
TS metrics-tsds
| STATS avg_cpu = AVG(cpu) BY service.name, bucket = TBUCKET(5 minutes)
| SORT bucket

Time series with PromQL syntax (9.4+ preview): Use the PROMQL source command when the user explicitly asks for PromQL, references Prometheus syntax (sum by (instance) (...), label matchers like {cluster="prod"}), or is migrating a Prometheus dashboard or alert. The PROMQL command accepts standard PromQL with optional index, step, buckets, start, end, and scrape_interval options, and produces a table that the rest of the ES|QL pipeline can process. Range selectors are optional — when omitted, the window is max(step, scrape_interval). Otherwise prefer TS (GA in 9.4). PROMQL does not support group modifiers, set operators (or/and/unless), or functions like histogram_quantile, predict_linear, and label_join — fall back to TS for those. See PROMQL Command for the full reference.

// Adaptive Kibana query — date picker drives time range and step
PROMQL index=metrics-* sum by (instance) (rate(http_requests_total))

// Named result, post-processed with ES|QL
PROMQL index=k8s step=1h bytes=(max by (cluster) (network.bytes_in))
| STATS max_bytes = MAX(bytes) BY cluster
| SORT cluster

Data enrichment with LOOKUP JOIN: The basic ON clause matches fields by name in both indices (LOOKUP JOIN idx ON field_name). When the join key has a different name in the source, use RENAME first to align names. 9.2+ tech preview also supports expression predicates (ON expr == expr); see ES|QL Complete Reference for details. After LOOKUP JOIN, lookup columns are available by their original field names — do not table-qualify them (e.g., write threat_level, not threat_intel.threat_level). Ordering tip: when the question asks for top-N results, SORT and LIMIT before LOOKUP JOIN to reduce enrichment cost. For general listings or full enrichment, place LOOKUP JOIN right after FROM/WHERE.

// Field name mismatch — RENAME before joining
FROM support_tickets
| RENAME product AS product_name
| LOOKUP JOIN knowledge_base ON product_name

// Aggregate, limit, THEN enrich (top-N only)
FROM orders
| STATS total_spent = SUM(total) BY customer_id
| SORT total_spent DESC
| LIMIT 3
| LOOKUP JOIN customers_lookup ON customer_id
| KEEP name, customer_id, total_spent

// Multi-field join (9.2+)
FROM application_logs
| LOOKUP JOIN service_registry ON service_name, environment
| KEEP service_name, environment, owner_team

Multivalue field filtering: Use MV_CONTAINS to check if a multivalue field contains a specific value. Use MV_COUNT to count values.

// Filter by multivalue membership
FROM employees
| WHERE MV_CONTAINS(languages, "Python")

// Find entries matching multiple values
FROM employees
| WHERE MV_CONTAINS(languages, "Java") AND MV_CONTAINS(languages, "Python")

// Count multivalue entries
FROM employees
| EVAL num_languages = MV_COUNT(languages)
| SORT num_languages DESC

Change point detection (alternate example): Use when the user asks about spikes, dips, or anomalies. Requires time-bucketed aggregation, SORT, then CHANGE_POINT.

FROM logs-*
| STATS error_count = COUNT(*) BY bucket = DATE_TRUNC(1 hour, @timestamp)
| SORT bucket
| CHANGE_POINT error_count ON bucket AS type, pvalue

Full Reference

For complete ES|QL syntax including all commands, functions, and operators, read:

• ES|QL Complete Reference
• ES|QL Search Reference - Full-text search: MATCH, QSTR, KQL, MATCH_PHRASE, scoring, semantic search
• ES|QL Search Strategy - Relevance search strategy for content indices: retrieve → fuse → rerank
• ES|QL Version History - Feature availability by Elasticsearch version
• Query Patterns - Natural language to ES|QL translation
• Generation Tips - Best practices for query generation
• Time Series Queries - TS command, time series aggregation functions, TBUCKET
• PROMQL Command - PromQL source command for TSDS indices (9.4+ preview)
• DSL to ES|QL Migration - Convert Query DSL to ES|QL
• Environment Setup - Connection configuration options

Error Handling

When query execution fails, the script returns:

• The generated ES|QL query
• The error message from Elasticsearch
• Suggestions for common issues

Common issues:

• Field doesn't exist → Always use get_schema and list_indices before writing a query. Never guess field or index names — they vary across deployments.
• Type mismatch → Use type conversion functions (TO_STRING, TO_INTEGER, etc.)
• Syntax error → Review ES|QL reference for correct syntax. Always use double quotes for strings, never single quotes.
• No results → Check time range and filter conditions
• Wrong function name → ES|QL uses underscored names: STD_DEV() not STDDEV(), MEDIAN_ABSOLUTE_DEVIATION() not MAD(). Use CONCAT() for strings, not +. Use CASE(cond, val, ...) not CASE WHEN...THEN...END.
• Wrong date part → DATE_EXTRACT uses ES|QL part names: "hour_of_day" not "hour", "day_of_month" not "day", "month_of_year" not "month". Use DATE_DIFF("day", start, end) for date arithmetic, not subtraction.

Examples

# Schema discovery
node scripts/esql.js test
node scripts/esql.js indices "logs-*"
node scripts/esql.js schema "logs-2024.01.01"

# Execute queries
node scripts/esql.js raw "FROM logs-* | STATS count = COUNT(*) BY host.name | LIMIT 10"
node scripts/esql.js raw "FROM metrics-* | STATS avg = AVG(cpu.percent) BY hour = DATE_TRUNC(1 hour, @timestamp)" --tsv